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_Kalpasūtra_. Among its eight ga[n.]as we can certainly trace three,
possibly four--the Uddchika, Vāra[n.]a, Ve['s]avā[d.]iya(?) and Ko[d.]iya.
Inscriptions:--
1. Ko[t.][t.]iya (Ko[d.]iya) Gana
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Bramadāsika kula Uchchenāgarī ['s]ākhā
Thāniya kula Vairī, Vairiyā ['s]ākhā
P[a[n.]ha]vahu[[n.]aya]ku[la] Majhamā ['s]ākhā
The Sthavirāvalī of the _Kalpasūtra_ (_Sac. Bks. of the East_,
vol. XXII, p. 292) states that Sus[t.]hita and Supratibuddha founded the--
Ko[t.]iya or Kau[t.]aka Ga[n.]a
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kulas ['s]ākhās
1. _Bambhalijja_ 1. _Uchchanāgarī_
2. Vachchhalijja 2. _Vijjāharī_
3. _Vā[n.]īya_ or _Vā[n.]ījja_ 3. Vajrī
4. Panhavāhanaya 4. _Majjhimįka_
or Pra['s]navāhanaka 5. Majjhīma
(scholar of the two
teachers.
founded by
Priyagantha the second)
Inscriptions:--
2. Vāra[n.]a Ga[n.]a
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kulas ['s]ākhās
Petivamika Vājanāgarī
Įryya Hā[t.]ikiya Harītamālaka[d.]hī
Pu['s]yamitrīya
Aryya-Che[t.]iya
Kaniyasika
The _Kalpasūtra_ states that ['S]rīgupta of the Hāritagotra founded
the Chāra[n.]a ga[n.]a, which was divided into four _['s]ākhās_ and
into seven _kulas_:
Chāra[n.]a-ga[n.]a
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kulas ['s]ākhās
1. Vachchhalijja Sa[.m]kā['s]ikā
2. _Pīdhammiya_
3. _Hālijja_ _Vajjanāgarī_
4. _Pūsamittijja_ Gavedhukā
5. Mālijja
6. _Ārya-Che[d.]aya_ _Hāriyamālagārī_
7. _Ka[n.]hasaha_
Inscriptions:--
3. Aryya-Udekiya Ga[n.]a
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kulas |
Nįgabhatikiya Petaputrikā ['s]ākhā.
Puridha..
The _Kalpasūtra_ says Ārya-Rohana of the Kā['s]yapa gotra founded the
Uddeha Gana
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kulas ['s]ākhās
1. _Nāgabhūya_ Udumbarijjiyā
2. Somabhūta Māsapūrikā
3. Ullagachchha (or Ārdrakachchha?) Matipatrikā
4. Ilatthilijja
5. Nandijja _Pu[n.][n.]apattiyā_
6. _Parihāsaka_
Inscriptions:--
4. [Ve['s]avādiya Ga[n.]a]
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[Me]hika kula
[Footnote: _Epigraphia Indica_, vol. I, pp. 382, 388.]
The _Kalpasūtra_:--Kāmarddhi of the Ku[n.][d.]alagotra founded the
Ve['s]avā[t.]ika ga[n.]a which was divided into four ['s]ąkhās, and into
four kulas:--
Ve['s]avā[t.]ika Ga[n.]a
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kulas ['s]ākhās
Ga[n.]ika ['S]rāvastikā
_Maighika_ Rajjapāliyā
Kāmarddhika Antarijjiyā
Indrapuraka Khemalijjiyā
[Footnote: For the above lists see _Wiener Zeitschi_. Bd. IV, S. 316
ff. and _Kalpasūtra_ in _S. B. E._ vol. XXII, pp. 290 f.]
The resemblance of most of these names is so complete that no explanation
is necessary.
JAINA MYTHOLOGY.
The mythology of the Jainas, whilst including many of the Hindu
divinities, to which it accords very inferior positions, is altogether
different in composition. It has all the appearance of a purely
constructed system. The gods are classified and subdivided into orders,
genera, and species; all are mortal, have their ages fixed, as well as
their abodes, and are mostly distinguished by cognizances _chihnas_
or _lā[`n]chha[n.]as_. Their Tīrthakaras, Tģrthamkaras, or perfected
saints, are usually known as twenty-four belonging to the present age. But
the mythology takes account also of a past and a future age or renovation
of the world, and to each of these aeons are assigned twenty-four
Tīrthakaras. But this is not all: in their cosmogony they lay down other
continents besides Jambūdvīpa-Bharata or that which we dwell in. These are
separated from Jambūdvīpa by impassable seas, but exactly like it in every
respect and are called Dhātuki-kanda and Pushkarārddha; and of each of
these there are eastern, and western Bharata and Airąvata regions, whilst
of Jambūdvīpa there is also a Bharata and an Airāvata region: these make
the following ten regions or worlds:--
1. Jambūdvīpa-bharata-kshetra.
2. Dhātukī-kha[n.][d.]a pūrva-bharata.
3. Dhātukī-kha[n.][d.]a pa['s]chima-bharata.
4. Pushkarārddha pūrva-bharata.
5. Pushkaravaradvīpa pa['s]chima-bharata.
6. Jambūdvīpa airāvata-kshetra.
7. Dhātukī-kha[n.][d.]a pūrva-airāvata.
8. Dhātukī-kha[n.][d.]a pa['s]chima-airāvata.
9. Pushkarārdhadvīpa pūrva-airāvata.
10. Puskarārddha pa['s]chima-airāvata.
To each of these is allotted twenty four past, present and future Atīts or
Jinas,--making in all 720 of this class, for which they have invented
names: but they are only names. [Footnote: See _Ratnasāgara_, bh.
II, pp. 696--705.]
Of the Tīrthakaras of the present age or _avasarpini_ in the
Bharata-varsha of Jambūdvīpa, however, we are supplied with minute
details:--their names, parents, stations, reputed ages, complexions,
attendants, cognizances (_chihna_) or characteristics, etc. and these
details are useful for the explanation of the iconography we meet with in
the shrines of Jaina temples. There the images of the Tīrthakaras are
placed on highly sculptured thrones and surrounded by other smaller
attendant figures. In temples of the ['S]vetāmbara sect the images are
generally of marble--white in most cases, but often black for images of
the 19th, 2Oth, 22nd and 23rd Jinas. On the front of the throne or
_āsana_ are usually carved three small figures: at the proper right
of the Jina is a male figure representing the Yaksha attendant or servant
of that particular Jina; at the left end of the throne is the
corresponding female--or Yakshinī, Yakshī or ['S]āsanadevī; whilst in a
panel in the middle there is often another devī. At the base of the seat
also, are placed nine very small figures representing the _navagraha_
or nine planets; that is the sun, moon, five planets, and ascending and
descending nodes.
In the Jaina _Purānas_, legends are given to account for the
connexion of the Yakshas and Yakshīs with their respective Tīrthakaras:
thus, in the case of Pār['s]vanātha, we have a story of two brothers
Marubhūti and Kama[t.]ha, who in eight successive incarnations were always
enemies, and were finally born as Pār['s]vanātha and Sambaradeva
respectively. A Pāsha[n.][d.]a or unbeliever, engaged in the
_panchāgni_ rite, when felling a tree for his fire, against the
remonstrance of Pār['s]vanātha, cut in pieces two snakes that were in it;
the Jina, however restored them to life by means of the
_pańchamantra_. They were then re-born in Pātāla-loka as
Dhara[n.]endra or Nāgendra-Yaksha and Padmāvatī-Yakshi[n.]ī. When
Sambaradeva or Meghakumāra afterwards attacked the Arbat with a great
storm, whilst he was engaged in the _Kāyotsarga_ austerity--standing
immovable, exposed to the weather--much in the way that Māra attacked
['S]ākya Buddha at Bodh-gayā, Dhara[n.]endra's throne in Pātāla thereupon
shook, and the Nāga or Yaksha with his consort at once sped to the
protection of his former benefactor. Dhara[n.]endra spread his many hoods
over the head of the Arhata and the Yaksh[.n]ī Padmāvatī held a white
umbrella (_['s]veta chhatri_) over him for protection. Ever after
they became his constant attendants, just as ['S]akra was to Buddha. The
legend is often represented in old-sculptures, in the cave-temples at
Bādāmi, Elura, etc., and the figure of Pār['s]va is generally carved with
the snake-hoods (_['S]eshapha[n.]i_) over him. [Footnote: _Cave
Temples_, pp. 491, 496; _Arch. Sur. Westn. India_, vol. I, p. 25
and pl. xxxvii; vol. V, p. 49; _Transactions, R. As. Soc._, vol. I,
p. 435. At Rānpur in Godwār, in the temple of Rishabhanātha is a finely
carved slab representing Pār['s]vanātha in the Kāyotsarga position,
attended by snake divinities,--_Archit. and Scenery in Gujarāt and
Rājputāna_, p. 21. The story has variants: conf. _Ind. Ant_. vol.
XXX, p. 302.]
Other legends account for the attachment of each pair of ['S]āsanadevatās
to their respective Jinas.
The ['S]vetāmbaras and Digambaras agree generally in the details
respecting the different Tīrthakaras; but, from information furnished from
Maisur, they seem to differ as to the names of the Yakshi[n.]is attached
to the several Tīrthakaras, except the first and last two; they differ
also in the names of several of the Jinas of the past and the future
aeons. The Digambaras enlist most of the sixteen Vidyādevis or goddesses
of knowledge among the Yakshi[n.]īs, whilst the other sect include
scarcely a third of them.
These Vidyādevīs, as given by Hemachandra, are--(1) Rohi[n.]ī; (2)
Prajńaptī; (3) Vajras[r.]i[`n]khalā; (4) Kuli['s]ānku['s]cā--probably the
Anku['s]a-Yakshī of the ['S]vetąmbāra fourteenth Jina; (5) Chakre['s]varī;
(6) Naradattā or Purushadattā; (7) Kāli or Kālīkā; (8) Mahįkālī;
(9) Gaurī; (10) Gāndhārī; (11) Sarvāstramahājvālā; (12) Mānavī;
(13) Vairo[t.]yā; (14) Achchhuptā; (15) Mānasī; and (16) Mahāmānasikā.
The images of the Tīrthakaras are always represented seated with their
legs crossed in front--the toes of one foot resting close upon the knee
of the other; and the right hand lies over the left in the lap. All are
represented exactly alike except that Pār['s]vanātha, the twenty-third,
has the snake-hoods over him; and, with the Digambaras, Supār['s]va--the
seventh, has also a smaller group of snake hoods. The Digambara images are
all quite nude; those of the ['S]vetāmbaras are represented as clothed,
and they decorate them with crowns and ornaments. They are distinguished
from one another by their attendant _Yakshas_ and _Yakshi[n.]īs_
as well as by their respective _chihnas_ or cognizances which are
carved on the cushion of the throne.
All the Jinas are ascribed to the Ikshvāku family (_kula_)except the
twentieth Munisuvrata and twenty-second Neminātha, who were of the
Hariva[m.]['s]a race.
All received _dīkshą_ or consecration at their native places; and all
obtained _j[`n]āna_ or complete enlightenment at the same, except
[R.]ishabha who became a _Kevalin_ at Purimatąla, Nemi at Girnār, and
Mahāvīra at the Rijupąluką river; and twenty of them died or obtained
_moksha_ (deliverance in bliss) on Sameta-['S]ikhara or Mount
Pār['s]vanātha in the west of Bengal. But [R.]ishabha, the first, died on
Ash[t.]āpada--supposed to be ['S]atruńljaya in Gujarāt; Vāsupūjya died at
Champāpuri in north Bengal; Neminātha on mount Girnār; and Mahāvīra, the
last, at Pāvāpur.
Twenty-one of the Tīrthakaras are said to have attained Moksha in the
Kāyotsarga (Guj. _Kāüsagga_) posture, and [R.]ishabha, Nemi, and
Mahāvira on the _padmāsana_ or lotus throne.
For sake of brevity the following particulars for each Arhat are given
below in serial order viz.:--
(1) The _vimāna_ or _vāhana_ (heaven) from which he
descended for incarnation.
(2) Birthplace, and place of consecration or _dīkshā_.
(3) Names of father and mother.
(4) Complexion.
(5) Cognizance--_chihna_ or _lāńchha[n.]a_.
(6) Height; and
(7) Age.
(8) Dīksha-vriksha or Bodhi tree.
(9) Yaksha and Yakshi[n.]ī, or attendant spirits.
(10) First Ganadhara or leading disciple, and first
Āryā or leader of the female converts.
I. [R.]ishabhadeva, V[r.]ishabha, Ādinthā or Adi['s]vara Bhagavān:--(I)
Sarvārthasiddha; (2) Vinittanagarī in Ko['s]alā and Purimatāla;
(3) Nābhīrājā by Marudevā; (4) golden--_var[n.]a_-, (5)the
bull,--_v[r.]isha, balada;_ (6) 500 poles or _dhanusha_;
(7) 8,400,000 pūrva or great years; (8) the Va[t.]a or banyan tree;
(9) Gomukha and Chakre['s]varī; (10) Pundarīka and Brahmī.
II. Ajitanātha: (1) Vijayavimąna; (2) Ayodhyā; (3) Jita['s]atru by
Vijayāmātā; (4) golden; (5) the elephant--_gaja_ or _hasti_;
(6) 450 poles; (7)7,200,000 pūrva years; (8) ['S]āla--the Shorea robusta;
(9) Mahāyaksha and Ajitabalā: with the Digambaras, the Yakshi[n.]ī is
Rohi[n.]ī-yakshī; (10) ['S]i[.m]hasena and Phālgu.
III. Sambhavanātha: (1) Uvarīmagraiveka;(2) Sāvathi or ['S]rąvasti;
(3) Jitāri by Senāmātā; (4) golden; (5) the horse,--_a['s]va,
gho[d.]a_; (6) 400 poles; (7) 6,000,000 pūrva years; (8) the
Prayāla--Buchanania latifolia; (9) Trimukha and Duritārī
(Digambara--Prajńaptī); (10) Chāru and ['S]yāmā.
IV. Abhinandana: (1) Jayantavimāna; (2) Ayodhyā; (3) Sambararājā by
Siddhārthą; (4) golden; (5) the ape,--_plavaga, vānara_ or
_kapi_; (6) 350 poles; (7) 5,000,000 pūrva years; (8) the Priya[n.]gu
or Panicum italicum; (9) Nąyaka and Kālīkā, and Digambara--Yakshe['s]vara
and Vajra['s][r.]i[.n]khalā; (10) Vajranābha and Ajitā.
V. Sumatinātha: (1) Jayantavimāna; (2) Ayodhyā; (3) Megharajā by
Ma[.n]galā; (4) golden; (5) the curlew,--_krau[.n]cha_, (Dig.
_chakravakapākshā_--the Brāhmani or red goose); (6) 300 poles;
(7) 4,000,000 pūrva years; (8) ['S]āla tree; (9) Tu[.m]buru and Mahākalī
(Dig. Purushadattā); (10) Charama and Kā['s]yapī.
VI. Padmaprabha: (1) Uvarīmagraiveka; (2) Kau['s]ambī; (3) ['S]rīdhara by
Susīmā; (4) red (_rakta_); (5) a lotus bud--_padma, abja_, or
_kamala_; (6) 250 poles; (7) 3,000,000 pūrva years; (8) the Chhatrā
--(Anethum sowa?); (9) Kusuma and ['S]yāmā (Dig. Manovegā or Manoguptī);
(10) Pradyotana and Ratī.
VII. Supār['s]vanātha: (1) Madhyamagraiveka; (2) Varā[n.]a['s]ī;
(3) Pratish[t.]harājā by P[r.]ithvī; (4) golden; [Footnote: The
Digambara describe the colours of the seventh and twenty-first Jinas as
_marakada_ or emerald coloured.] (5) the swastika symbol; (6) 200
poles; (7) 2,000,000 pūrva years; (8) the ['S]irīsha or Acacia sirisha;
(9) Māta[.n]ga and ['S]āntā;--Digambara, Varanandi and Kālī; (10) Vidirbha
and Somā.
VIII. Chandraprabha: (1) Vijayanta; (2) Chandrapura; (3) Mahāsenarājā by
Lakshma[n.]ā; (4) white--_dhavala, ['s]ubhra_; (5) the
moon--_chandrā or ['s]a['s]ī_; (6) 150 poles; (7) 1,000,000 pūrva
years; (8) the Nāga tree; (9) Vijaya and Bh[r.]iku[t.]ī:
Digambara--['S]yāma or Vijaya and Jvālāmālinī; (10) Dinnā and Sumanā.
IX. Suvidhinātha or Pushpadanta: (1) Ānatadevaloka;
(2) Kāna[n.][d.]īnagarī; (3) Sugrīvarāja by Rāmārā[n.]ī; (4) white;
(5) the Makara (Dig. the crab--_ź[d.]i_); (6) 100 poles;
(7) 200,000 pūrva years; (8) the ['S]ālī; (9) Ajitā and Sutārakā:
Digambara--Ajitā and Mahākālī or Ajitā; (10) Varāhaka and Vāru[n.]ī.
X. ['S]italanātha: (1) Achyutadevaloka; (2)Bhadrapurā or Bhadilapura;
(3) D[r.][.)i][d.]haratha-rājā by Nandā; (4) golden; (5) the ['S]rīvatsa
figure: (Dig. _['S]ri-vriksha_ the ficus religiosa); (6) 90 poles;
(7) 100,000 pūrva years; (8) the Priya[.n]gu tree; (9) Brahmā and A['s]okā
(Dig. Mānavī); (10) Nandā and Sujasā.
XI. ['S]reyā[.m]['s]anātha or ['S]reyasa: (1) Achyutadevaloka;
(2) Si[.m]hapurī; (3) Vish[n.]urājā by Vish[n.]ā; (4) golden; (5) the
rhinoceros--_kha[d.]ga, ge[.n][d.]ā_: (Dig. Garu[d.]a); (6) 80 poles;
(7) 8,400,000 common years; (8) the Ta[n.][d.]uka tree; (9) Yakshe[t.] and
Mānavī: Digambara--Ī['s]vara and Gauri; (10) Ka['s]yapa and Dhāra[n.]ī.
XII. Vāsupūjya: (1) Prā[n.]atadevaloka; (2) Champāpurī; (3) Vasupūjya by
Jayā; (4) ruddy--_rakta_, Guj. _rātu[.n]_; (5) the female
buffalo--_mahishī, pādā_; (6) 70 poles; (7) 7,200,000 common years;
(8) the Pā[t.]ala or Bignonia suaveolens; (9) Kumāra and Cha[n.][d.]ā
(Dig. Gāndhārī); (10) Subhuma and Dhara[n.]ī.
XIII. Vimalanātha: (1) Mahasāradevaloka; (2) Kampīlyapura;
(3) K[r.][.)i]tavarmarāja by ['S]yāmā; (4) golden; (5) a
boar--_['s]ākara, varāha_; (6) 60 poles; (7) 6,000,000 years;
(8) the Jāmbu or Eugenia jambolana; (9) Shā[n.]mukha and Viditā (Dig.
Vairō[t.]ī); (10) Mandara and Dharā.
XIV. Anantanātha or Anantajit: (1) Prā[n.]atadevaloka; (2) Ayodhyā;
(3) Si[.m]hasena by Suya['s]ā[h.] or Sujasā; (4) golden; (5) a
falcon--_['s]yena_ (Dig. _bhallūka_ a bear); (6) 50 poles;
(7) 3,000,000 years; (8) the A['s]oka or Jonesia asoka; (9) Pātāla and
Anku['s]ā (Dig. Anantamatī); (10) Jasa and Padmā.
XV. Dharmanātha: (1) Vijayavimāna; (2) Ratnapurī; (3) Bhānurājā by
Suvritā; (4) golden; (5) the thunderbolt--_vajra_; (6) 45 poles;
(7) 1,000,000 years; (8) Dadhīpar[n.]a tree (Clitoria ternatea?);
(9) Kinnara and Kandarpā (Dig. Mānasī); (10) Arish[t.]a and Ārtha['s]ivā.
XVI. ['S]āntināthā: (1) Sarvārthasiddha; (2) Gajapura or Hastinapurī;
(3) Vi['s]vasena by Achirā; (4) golden; (5) an antelope--_m[r.]iga,
hara[n.]a, hull[)e]_, (6)40 poles; (7) 100,000 years; (8) the Nandī or
Cedrela toona; (9) Garu[d.]a and Nirvā[n.]ī (Dig. Kimpurusha and
Mahāmānasī); (10) Chakrāyuddha and Suchī.
XVII. Kunthtinātha: (1) Sarvārthasiddha; (2) Gajapura; (3) Sūrarājā by
['S]rīrānī; (4) golden; (5) a goat--_chhāga_ or _aja_; (6) 35
poles; (7) 95,000 years; (8) the Bhilaka tree; (9) Gandharva and Balā
(Dig. Vijayā); (10) Sāmba and Dāminī.
XVIII. Aranātha: (1) Sarvārthasiddha; (2) Gajapura; (3) Sudar['s]ana by
Devīrā[n.]ī; (4) golden; (5) the Nandyāvarta diagram, (Dig.
_Mina_--the zodiacal Pisces); (6) 30 poles; (7) 84,000 years;
(8) Āmbā or Mango tree; (9) Yakshe[t.]a and Dha[n.]ā (Dig. Kendra and
Ajitā); (10) Kumbha and Rakshitā.
XIX. Mallinātha: (1) Jayantadevaloka; (2) Mathurā; (3) Kumbharājā by
Prabhāvatī; (4) blue--_nīla_; (5) a jar--_kumbham, kala['s]a_ or
_gha[t.]a_; (6) 25 poles; (7) 55,000 years; (8) A['s]oka tree;
(9) Kubera and Dhara[n.]apriyā (Dig. Aparājitā); (10) Abhikshaka and
Bandhumatī.
XX. Munisuvrata, Suvrata or Muni: (1) Aparājita-devaloka;
(2) R[a`]jag[r.]iha; (3) Sumitrar[a`]jā by Padmāvatī;
(4) black--_['s]yāma, asita_; (5) a tortoise--_kūrma_;
(6) 20 poles; (7) 30,000 years; (8) the Champaka, Michelia champaka;
(9) Varu[n.]a and Naradattā, (Dig. Bahurūpi[n.]ī); (10) Malli and
Pushpavatī.
XXI. Naminātha, Nimi or Nime['s]vara: (1) Prā[n.]atadevaloka; (2) Mathurā;
(3) Vijayarājā by Viprārā[n.]ī; (4) yellow; (5) the blue
water-lily--_nīlotpala_, with the Digambaras, sometimes the A['s]oka
tree; (6) 15 poles; (7) 10,000 years; (8) the Bakula or Mimusops elengi;
(9) Bh[r.]iku[t.]i and Gandhārī, (Dig. Chāmu[n.][d.]ī); (10) ['S]ubha and
Anilā.
XXII. Neminātha or Arish[t.]anemi: (1) Aparājita; (2) Sauripura
(Prįkrit--Soriyapura) and Ujjinta or Mount Girnār; (3) Samudravijaya by
['S]ivādevi; (4) black--_['s]yāma_; (5) a conch,--_['s]a[.n]kha_;
(6) 10 poles; (7) 1000 years; (8) the Ve[t.]asa; (9) Gomedha and Ambikā:
with the Digambaras, Sarvāh[n.]a and Kūshmā[n.][d.]inī; (10) Varadatta and
Yakshadinnā.
XXIII. Pār['s]vanātha: (1) Prā[n.]atadevaloka; (2) Varā[n.]asī and
Sameta-['S]ikhara; (3) A['s]vasenarāja by Vāmādevī; (4) blue--_nīla_;
(5) a serpent--_sarpa_; (6) 9 hands; (7) 100 years; (8) the Dhātakī
or Grislea tomentosa; (9) Pār['s]vayaksha or Dhara[n.]endra and Padmāvatī;
(10) Āryadinna and Pushpachū[d.]ā.
XXIV. ['S]ri-Mahāvīra, Vardhamāna or Vīra, the ['S]rama[n.]a:
(1) Prā[n.] atadevaloka; (2) Ku[n.][d.]agrāma or Chitrakū[t.]a, and
[R.]ijupālukā; (3) Siddhārtharāja, ['S]reyān['s]a or Ya['s]asvin by
Tri['s]alā Vidchadinnā or Priyakāri[n.]ī; (4) yellow; (5) a
lion--_ke['s]arī-simha_; (6) 7 hands or cubits; (7) 72 years; (8) the
_['s]ala_ or teak tree; (9) Māta[.m]ga and Siddhāyikā;
(10) Indrabhūti and Chandrabālā.
The Tirthakuras may be regarded as the _dii majores_ of the Jainas,
[Footnote: For an account of the ritual of the Svetāmbara sect of Jainas,
see my account in the _Indian Antiquary_, vol. XIII, pp. 191-196.]
though, having become Siddhas, emancipated from all concern, they can have
no interest in mundane affairs. They and such beings as are supposed to
have reached perfection are divided into fifteen species:
1. Tīrthakarasiddhas;
2. Atīrthakarasiddhas;
3. Tīrthasiddhas;
4. Svali[.n]gasiddas;
5. Anyali[.n]gasiddhas;
6. Strili[.n]gasiddhas;
7. Purushali[.n]gasiddhas;
8. Napu[.m]sakali[.n]gasiddhas;
9. G[r.]ihali[.n]gasiddhas;
10. Tīrthavyavachchhedasiddhas;
11. Pratyekabuddhasiddhas;
12. Svayambuddhasiddhas;
13. Ekasiddas;
14. Anekasiddhas;
15. Buddhabodhietasiddllas.
[Footnote: _Jour. Asiat_. IXme Ser. tom. XIX, p. 260.]
But the gods are divided into four classes, and each class into several
orders: the four classes are:--
I. Bhavanādhipatis, Bhavanavāsins or Bhaumeyikas, of which there are ten
orders, viz.--
1. Asurakumāras;
2. Nāgakumāras;
3. Ta[d.]itkumāras or Vidyutkumāras;
4. Suvar[n.]a- or Suparnaka-kumāras;
5. Agnikumāras;
6. Dvīpakumāras (Dīvakumāras);
7. Udadhikumāras;
8. Dikkumāras;
9. Pavana- or Vāta-kumāras;
10. Gha[n.]ika- or Sanitakumāras.
II. Vyantaras or Vā[n.]amantaras, who live
in woods are of eight classes:--
1. Pi['s]āchas;
2. Bhūtas;
3. Yakshas;
4. Rākshasas;
5. Kimnaras;
6. Kimpurushas;
7. Mahoragas;
8. Gandharvas.
III. The Jyotishkas are the inhabitants of;
1. Chandras or the moons;
2. Sūryas or the suns;
3. Grahas or the planets;
4. Nakshatras or the constellations;
5. Tārās or the hosts of stars.
And IV. The Vaimānika gods are of two orders: (1) the Kalpabhavas, who
are born in the heavenly Kalpas; and (2) the Kalpātītas, born in the
regions above the Kalpas.
(1) The Kalpabhavas again are subdivided into twelve genera who live in
the Kalpas after which they are named; viz,--
1. Saudharma;
2. Ī['s]āna;
3. Sanatkumāra;
4. Māhendra;
5. Brahmaloka;
6. Lāntaka;
7. ['S]ukra or Mahā['s]ukla;
8. Sahasrāra;
9. Ānata (Ā[n.]aya);
10. Prā[n.]ata (Pā[n.]aya);
11. Āra[n.]a;
12. Achyuta.
(2) The Kalpātītas are subdivided into--(a) the Graiveyakas, living on the
upper part of the universe; and (b) the Anuttaras or those above whom
there are no others.
(a) The Graiveyakas are of nine species, viz.--
1. Sudarsa[n.]as;
2. Supratipandhas;
3. Ma[n.]oramas;
4. Sarvabhadras;
5. Suvi['s]ālas;
6. Soma[n.]asas;
7. Suma[.n]kasas;
8. Prīya[.n]karas;
9. Ādityas or Nandikaras.
(b) the Anuttara gods are of five orders: viz.--
1. Vijayas;
2. Vaijayantas;
3. Jayantas;
4. Aparājitas; and
5. Sarvārthasiddhas.
[Footnote: Conf. _Ratnasāgara_, bh. II, pp. 616, 617; _Jour.
Asiat._ IXme Ser. tome XIX, p. 259; _Sac. Bks. E_. vol. XLV, p.
226 f. See also _Rev. de l'Histoire des Relig_. tom. XLVII, pp.
34-50, which has appeared since the above was written, for "La doctrine
des źtres vivants dans la Religion Jaina".]
These Anuttara gods inhabit the highest heavens where they live for
varying lengths of time as the heavens ascend; and in the fifth or
highest--the great Vimāna called Sarvārthasiddha--they all live
thirty-three Sāgaropamas or periods of unimagiable duration. Still all the
gods are mortal or belong to the _sa[.m]sāra_.
Above these is the paradise of the Siddhas or perfected souls, and the
_Uttarādhyana Sūtra_ gives the following details of this realm of the
perfected, or the paradise of the Jainas:--[Footnote: See _ante_, p.
11, note 10; The following extract is from _Sac. Books of the East_,
vol. XLV, pp. 211-213.]
"The perfected souls are those of women, men, hermaphrodites, of
orthodox, heterodox, and householders. Perfection is reached by people
of the greatest, smallest and middle size; [Footnote: The greatest
size--_ogāha[n.]ā_--of men is 500 dhanush or 2000 cubits, the
smallest is one cubit.] on high places, underground, on the surface of
the earth, in the ocean, and in waters (of rivers, etc.).
"Ten hermaphrodites reach perfection at the same time, twenty women,
one hundred and eight men; four householders, ten heterodox, and one
hundred and eight orthodox monks.
"Two individuals of the greatest size reach perfection
(simultaneously), four of the smallest size, and one hundred and eight
of the middle size. Four individuals reach perfection (simultaneously)
on high places, two in the ocean, three in water, twenty underground;
and where do they go on reaching perfection? Perfected souls are
debarred from the non-world (Aloka); they reside on the top of the
world; they leave their bodies here (below) and go there, on reaching
perfection.
"Twelve _yojanas_ above the (Vimāna) Sarvārtha is the place called
Īshatpragbhāra, which has the form of an umbrella; (there the
perfected souls go). It is forty-five hundred thousand _yojanas_
long, and as many broad, and it is somewhat more than three times as
many in circumference. Its thickness is eight _yojanas_, it is
greatest in the middle, and decreases towards the margin, till it is
thinner than the wing of a fly. This place, by nature pure, consisting
of white gold, resembles in form an open umbrella, as has been said by
the best of Jinas.
"(Above it) is a pure blessed place (called ['S]ītā), which is white
like a conch-shell, the _anka_-stone, and Kunda-flowers; [Footnote:
The gourd Lagenaria vulgaris.] a _yojana_ thence is the end of the
world. The perfected souls penetrate the sixth part of the uppermost
_kro['s]a_ of the (above-mentioned) _yojana_. There, at the
top of the world reside the blessed perfected souls, rid of all
transmigration, and arrived at the excellent state of perfection. The
dimension of a perfected soul is two-thirds of the height which the
individual had in his last existence.
"The perfected souls considered singly--_źgattź[n.]a_ (as
individuals)--have a beginning but no end, considered
collectively--_puhuttź[n.]a_ (as a class)--they have neither a
beginning nor an end. They have no (visible) form, they consist of
life throughout, they are developed into knowledge and faith, they
have crossed the boundary of the Sa[.m]sāra, and reached the excellent
state of perfection."
* * * * *
Like both the Brāhma[n.]s and Buddhists, the Jainas have a series of
hells--Nārakas, numbering even which they name--
1. Ratnaprabhā;
2. ['S]arkarāprabhā;
3. Vālukāprabhā;
4. Pa[.n]kaprabhā;
5. Dhūmaprabhā;
6. Tamaprabhā;
7. Tamatamaprabhā.
[Footnote: _Ratnasāgara_, bh. II, p. 607; _Jour. As_. u.s. p. 263.]
Those who inhabit the seventh hell have a stature of 500 poles, and in
each above that they are half the height of the one below it.
Everything in the system as to stature of gods and living beings, their
ages and periods of transmigration is reduced to artificial numbers.
The Jaina Gachhas.
About the middle of the tenth century there flourished a Jaina high priest
named Uddyotana, with whose pupils the eighty four gachhas originated.
This number is still spoken of by the Jainas, but the lists that have been
hitherto published are very discordant. The following was obtained from a
member of the sect as being their recognised list,--and allowing for
differences of spelling, nearly every name may be recognised in those
previously published by Mr. H. G. Briggs or Colonel Miles.
The Eighty four Gachchhas of the Jainas. [Footnote: Those names marked [A]
are found in Col. Miles's list _Tr. R. A. S._ vol. III, pp. 358 f.
363, 365, 370. Those marked [B] are included in H. G. Brigg's
list,--_Cities of Gujarashtra_, p. 339.]
1. ? [A][B] 43. Sopārīyā[A][B]
2. Osvāla[A][B] 44. Mā[n.][d.]alīyā[A][B]
3. Ā[.n]chala[A] 45. Kochhīpanā[A][B]
4. Jirāvalā[A][B] 46. Jāga[.m]na[A][B]
5. Kha[d.]atara or Kharatara 47. Lāparavāla[A][B]
6. Lonkā or Richmati[A][B] 48. Vosara[d.]ā[A][B]
7. Tapā[A][B] 49. Düīva[.n]danīyā[A][B]
8. Ga[.m]ge['s]vara[A][B] 50. Chitrāvāla[A][B]
9. Kora[n.][t.]avāla[B] 51. Vega[d.]ā
10. Ānandapura[B] 52. Vāpa[d.]ā
11. Bharavalī 53. Vījaharā, Vījharā[A][B]
12. U[d.]havīyā[A][B] 54. Kāüpurī[B]
13. Gudāvā[A][B] 55. Kāchala
14. Dekāüpā or Dekāwā[A][B] 56. Ha[.m]dalīyā[B]
15. Bh nmālā[B] 57. Mahukarā[B]
16. Mahu[d.]īyā[A][B] 58. Putaliyā[A][B]
17. Gachhapāla[A][B] 59. Ka[.m]narīsey[B]
18. Goshavāla[B] 60. Revar[d.][.)i]yā[A][B]
19. Magatragagadā[B] 61. Dhandhukā[B]
20. V[r.]ihmānīyā[B] 62. Tha[.m]bhanīpa[n.]ā[A]
21. Tālārā[A][B] 63. Pa[.m]chīvāla[B]
22. Vīka[d.]īyā[A][B] 64. Pāla[n.]purā[A]
23. Muńjhīyā[A][B] 65. Ga[.m]dhārīyā[A][B]
24. Chitro[d.]ā[B] 66. Velīyā[B]
25. Sāchorā[A][B] 67. Sā[d.]hapunamīyā
26. Jacha[n.][d.]īyā[B] 68. Nagarako[t.]īyā[A][B]
27. Sīdhālavā[A][B] 69. Hāsorā[A][B]
28. Mīyā[n.][n.]īyā 70. Bha[t.]anerā[A][B]
29. Āgamīyā[B] 71. Ja[n.]aharā[A][B]
30. Maladhārī[A][B] 72. Jagāyana[A]
31. Bhāvarīyā[B] 73. Bhīmasena[A][B]
32. Palīvāla[A][B] 74. Taka[d.]īyā[B]
33. Nāgadīge['s]vara[B] 75. Ka[.m]boja[A][B]
34. Dharmaghosha[B] 76. Senatā[B]
35. Nāgapurā[A][B] 77. Vagherā[A][B]
36. Uchatavāla[B] 78. Vahe[d.]īyā[A]
37. Nā[n.][n.]āvāla[A][B] 79. Siddhapura[A][B]
38. Sā[d.]erā[A][B] 80. Ghogharī[A][B]
39. Ma[n.][d.]ovarā[A][B] 81. Nīgamīyā
40. ['S]urā[n.]ī[A][B] 82. Punamīyā
41. Kha[.m]bhāvatī[A][B] 83. Varha[d.]īyā[B]
42. Pāėcha[.m]da 84. Nāmīlā.[B]
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