556-563.
5. The power of the chairman of the National committee is discussed in
Atl. Mo., 89: 76-81.

6. What was the probable origin of the system of electing the President
by electors? Harrison, This Country of Ours, 78; Fiske, Critical Period
of American History, 66, 280-289.

7. For the methods which have been used in electing a President, see N.
Am. Rev., 171: 273-280.

8. Should the President be elected by direct popular vote? N. Am. Rev.,
171: 273-280; 281-288; Scribner's Mag., 27: 643-656.

9. For some of the problems connected with the electoral colleges in the
history of elections, see Rev. of R's, 23: 66-69.

10. What is the method used in counting the electoral votes? Edmund
Alton, Among the Lawmakers, 88-89.

11. Do you agree with Mr. Bryce that the tendency is to select for
President men who have not been prominent? Bryce, American Commonwealth,
I, chap. 8.

12. Was the present President notable before his election? In what ways?

13. What were the chief causes for the success of his party?

14. How many electoral votes were required for election? He received
how many? Did he receive a majority of the popular votes? Election of
1900, Rev. of R's, 22: 673-674; 655-658.

15. How many electors were there from your State? For whom did they
vote? How is this majority in your State to be accounted for? Rev. of
R's, 22: 673-674, 655-658, 664.

16. Would successful governors make good candidates for President? In
what particulars do the offices resemble each other? Would you favor
making the governor of your State President? Wilson, Congressional
Government, 253, 254.

17. Why was the election of John Quincy Adams of especial interest? What
results followed? Burgess, The Middle Period, 140, 141; Wilson, Division
and Reunion, 18.

18. State the chief points connected with the "disputed election" of
1876. Wilson, Division and Reunion, 283-286; Johnston, American
Politics, 233-237; Cent. Mag., 62: 923-934.

19. Give the names of the Presidents who have died in office. By whom
were they succeeded?

20. For a good discussion of the _unit rule_ and _two-thirds_ rule of
the Democratic conventions, see Rev. of R's, 45: 705-710.

21. What is a "minority" President? Government in State and Nation, 264.

22. An interesting account of the White House. Outlook, 70: 287-299.

23. Inauguration events of 1901. Rev. of R's, 23: 405,406; Outlook, 67:
555, 556.

24. Incidents of Presidential inaugurations. World's Work, 1: 477-479.

25. For other questions and references on the chapter, see Government in
State and Nation, 231, 232.




CHAPTER XIV.


POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT

Military Powers of the President.--An eminent American
historian,[43] writing of the power exercised by President Lincoln in
time of war, said, "It is an interesting fact, that the ruler of a
republic which sprang from a resistance to the English king and
Parliament should exercise more arbitrary power than any Englishman
since Oliver Cromwell, and that many of his acts should be worthy of a
Tudor."

[Footnote 43: James Ford Rhodes, _Scribner's Magazine,_ February, 1903.]

President Lincoln, it is true, exercised powers which, if attempted by a
weaker man, or at another time, might have proved dangerous to the
liberties of the people.[44]

[Footnote 44: For the suspension of the privilege of the writ of _habeas
corpus_, see p. 109.]

This he did through his interpretation of Clause 1, Section 2.

_The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the
United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into
the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in
writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments,
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and
he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against
the United States, except in cases of impeachment._

Reprieves and Pardons.--The ordinary powers of the President are
also important.[45] One of the greatest is the power to grant reprieves
and pardons. A reprieve is the temporary suspension of the execution of
a sentence. By means of a reprieve the President may gain time to look
into the evidence more carefully. Complete release from a sentence is
secured by a pardon.[46]

[Footnote 45: For the power of the President over legislation by means
of the veto, see pp. 78, 79.]

[Footnote 46: President Harrison was called upon to consider 779
requests for pardon. Of these 527 were granted, wholly or partially.
President Cleveland acted on 907 such cases, and granted 506, in whole
or in part.]

Treaty-Making Power.--Section 2, Clause 2. _He shall have power, by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties,
provided two-thirds of the senators present concur_.

While the power to conclude treaties seems to be without restriction, it
is implied that no treaty shall in any way interfere with the authority
of the Constitution. The usual steps in the negotiation of treaties are
as follows: (1) In time of peace they are conducted at the capital of
the nation that begins the negotiation. If this is in Washington, the
terms are considered by the Secretary of State and the minister of the
other nation; if in a foreign capital, our minister acts under
instructions sent him by the Secretary of State. At times, one or more
special ministers are sent abroad for the purpose of negotiating a
treaty. (2) In time of war, the minister of the nation with which we are
at war leaves the United States. The interests of his nation are then
intrusted to the minister of some neutral power, and through this
minister negotiations for peace are usually begun. (3) The treaty of
peace at the close of a war is generally negotiated in some neutral
country by special commissioners appointed by the nations at war.

In all cases, the President exercises general control over the
negotiation and framing of treaties. After an agreement has been
reached, the treaty is sent to the Senate. It is discussed in executive
or secret session. This means that the treaty and all matters pertaining
to it are kept secret until, by a resolution, the Senate allows the
discussion to be made public. The Senate may approve, reject, or modify
the terms. If amendments are made, they must be agreed to by the
President and by the other nation interested. When a treaty has been
finally approved by the officials of both countries, duplicate copies of
it are made on parchment. Both of these copies are signed by the chief
officers of each country, and the copies are then exchanged. This is
called the "exchange of ratification." An official copy of the treaty is
thus secured by each nation. The President then publishes the treaty
accompanied by a proclamation, in which it is declared to be a part of
the law of the land.


If the terms of a treaty call for the payment of money by the
United States, the necessary amount can be appropriated only by an
Act of Congress. The House of Representatives may refuse to give
its sanction to such an appropriation, and may thus prevent the
treaty going into effect.


Power of Appointment.--When it is considered that the President has
the _nominal_ power of appointing over 150,000 persons to office, we
can readily see that this comprises one of his chief powers. His right
to select office-holders is granted in Section 2, Clause 2. _He shall
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall
appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of
such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in
the courts of law, or in the heads of departments._

Vacancies.--Section 2, Clause 3. _The President shall have power to fill
up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by
granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next
session._

Presidential Appointments.--It would be quite impossible for the
President, personally, to oversee all of these appointments, and so a
large percentage of them is made by officials in the different
departments. There are, besides the ambassadors, consuls, and judges of
the Supreme Court, some 7000 so-called Presidential officers, whose
appointments must receive the sanction of the Senate. More than one-half
of these are postmasters of the first class[47]. Among the most
important of these officers are the Cabinet, interstate commerce
commissioners, district attorneys, and all military and naval officers
whose appointment is not otherwise ordered by law.

[Footnote 47: Those who receive an annual salary of $1000 and above.]


Official Patronage.--In making his appointments the President
is largely dependent upon the advice of the head of that department
under whose direction the officer will come, or upon the
recommendation of the representatives and senators of his party
from the State in which the office is located. This official
patronage, through which political assistants in a State may be
rewarded with a Federal office, has become so burdensome that many
Congressmen complain of it and desire to be freed from its
exactions.

Senatorial Courtesy.--There has grown up an almost invariable
custom, known as senatorial courtesy. This demands that if the
office to be filled is located in a State, the appointment be not
confirmed unless it receives the sanction of one or both of the
senators of the State concerned, provided they are members of the
same political party as the President.

Action of the Senate on Nominations.--All of the nominations
sent by the President to the Senate are submitted to appropriate
committees, as, postmasters to the Post Office Committee,
ambassadors to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. The report of the
committee is considered in secret session, and the nomination is
then voted on. If the vote is adverse, the President must make
another nomination.


The Spoils System.--During the first forty years of our government
there were only seventy-four removals from office. The opinion was
general that there were a large number of strictly non-political offices
in the departments and elsewhere, the holders of which should be
regarded as agents or clerks whose duty it was to assist in carrying on
the business of government. Therefore the best results could be secured,
it was believed, only as these positions should be filled by persons the
most competent, who might hope to retain the office so long as they gave
efficient service. But with the coming in of President Jackson the
"spoils system" was introduced. This system, in practice, provides that
political workers belonging to a victorious party may, as far as
possible, receive reward for their services in the shape of some office.
"To the victors belong the spoils of the enemy" is the familiar motto of
those who have advocated this system. During the first year of President
Jackson's administration 2000 officials were deprived of their offices,
and friends of the administration were put in their positions. From that
time there has been great pressure on every new President similarly to
reward his followers.

Civil Service Reform.--While the evils had been pointed out at
various times, little was done to remedy the spoils system until
Congress, in 1883, passed the Civil Service Law, known as the Pendleton
Bill. It provides for a Civil Service Commission of three members, not
more than two of whom may belong to the same political party. This
commission gives competitive examinations, which are required for
testing the fitness of applicants for certain positions in the public
service. The number of offices originally included under the act was
about 14,000. The President is given the power to direct the further
extension of the "classified service," that is, those positions that are
to be filled by persons who have passed the best examinations. In 1913
there were some 284,000 classified offices. While much has been
accomplished, during the past twenty years, toward reforming civil
service appointments, it is to be hoped that a large number of the
unclassified offices will, at an early date, be placed on the list to be
filled only after examination.[48] The National government may thus
further assist in the movement for like reforms already so well begun in
some of our States and cities.

[Footnote 48: In 1913 there were 100,000 unclassified or excepted
offices. During the year 1901-1902, the civil service rules providing
for competitive examinations were extended by order of the President or
by act of Congress so as to include the rural free delivery service,
employees of the permanent census bureau, and additional employees made
necessary because of the war with Spain. Five thousand eight hundred
offices were placed on the competition basis in 1911, and 50,000 in
1913.]

Duties of the President.--Section 3. _He shall, from time to time,
give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and
recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge
necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene
both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between
them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to
such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and
other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully
executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States._

Presidential Messages.--By means of the annual message sent to
Congress at the opening of the session, and special messages on
particular occasions, the President is enabled to call attention to the
legislative needs of the country. The plan of having a message read in
each house by the clerk or secretary was introduced by President
Jefferson. Presidents Washington and Adams addressed, in person,
Congress assembled in joint session. Various reasons have been alleged
for this change. President Jefferson was a poor speaker, and it is said
that he regarded the formal address as monarchical. President Wilson
read his message before Congress in the special session of April, 1913.

Enforcement of the Laws.--The most important duty of the President
is to see that all laws passed by Congress are faithfully executed. Laws
are useless unless they are enforced, and it is chiefly for the
performance of this task that the Executive was originally created. It
is not contemplated that this duty shall be performed by him in person,
but through officials who are directly responsible to him. The United
States marshals and their deputies exercise a wide influence in seeing
that the laws are enforced. They usually act under an order from a
United States court, but may, at times, act without such a writ. If
necessary, the President may send the army and navy of the United States
or call out the militia of the States to overcome any resistance to
Federal law.


Each State possesses the power of enforcing its own laws and is of
right protected in the exercise of this prerogative. In case of an
insurrection, however, the State militia is sent by order of the
governor to suppress it. Should they fail to restore order, the
legislature, or the executive (when the legislature cannot be
convened), applies to the President for military aid.[49] If the
uprising has interfered in any way with the carrying out of the
laws of the nation, the President may, at his discretion, send
troops to suppress it without having been asked to do so by the
legislature or the governor. There was a notable illustration of
this point during the time of the Chicago riots, in July, 1894.

[Footnote 49: Article IV, Section 4. _The United States shall
guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of
government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on
application of the legislature, or the executive (when the
legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence._]

President Cleveland _vs_. The Governor of Illinois.--In
addition to destroying property belonging to the railways centering
in Chicago, the striking employees prevented the free movement of
the trains. Mr. Altgeld, then governor of Illinois, did not provide
against these abuses, and President Cleveland ordered the United
States troops under General Miles to suppress the rioting. The
President, who was severely criticized by Mr. Altgeld, justified
his sending the troops on the following grounds: (1) that the
processes of the Federal courts could not be executed; (2) that the
transportation of the United States mails was obstructed; and (3)
that the laws on interstate commerce were not enforced.

The United States Supreme Court took the same position as President
Cleveland in a case which grew out of these riots. Mr. Justice
Brewer, in delivering the opinion of the court, said: "We hold that
the government of the United States is one having jurisdiction over
every foot of soil within its territory and acting directly upon
each citizen; that, while it is a government of enumerated powers,
it has within the limits of those powers all the attributes of
sovereignty; that to it is committed power over interstate commerce
and the transmission of the mails, and that these powers have been
assumed and put into practical exercise by the legislation of
Congress."


SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS AND REFERENCES.

1. What have been some of the most important treaties entered into on
the part of the United States?

2. For the treaty made at the close of the Spanish-American War, see
Rev. of R's, 18: 258, 371, 515, 631; 19: 11, 261, 262, 266, 267.

3. In what ways may a treaty be abrogated? Harrison, This Country of
Ours, 140, 141.

4. May a President have many of the privileges of private life?
Harrison, This Country of Ours, 177-180.

5. What are some of the official cares of the President? Harrison, This
Country of Ours, 162-177.

6. The overworked President. McClure's Mag., 28: 483-492; Rev. of R's,
25: 464-466.

7. Secure a copy of the last report of the Civil Service Commission, and
also Manual of Examinations for the Classified Service of the United
States, and look up the following:--

_a_. How many persons are included in the civil service of the United
States?

_b_. What proportion of them is included in the classified service?

_c_. Does the law of 1883 seem to have brought about satisfactory
results?

_d_. What offices have been included in the extension of the Civil
Service Law?

_e_. What is the nature of the questions asked in the examinations? i

8. The Fifteenth Annual Report of the commission (pp. 443-485) contains
an account of the appointments and removals by the various Presidents
from 1789 to 1883. Also an account of the growth of civil service reform
in the States and cities of the United States, pp. 489-502.

9. May a man be fitted for political preferment and not be competent to
pass an adequate examination?

10. For other articles on civil service reform, see _(a)_ The Civil
Service and the Merit System, Forum, 27: 705-712. _(b)_ Some
Popular Objections to Civil Service Reform, Atl. Mo., 65: 433-444;
671-678. _(c)_ Roosevelt, An Object Lesson in Civil Service Reform,
Atl. Mo., 67: 252-257. _(d) _George William Curtis and Civil Service
Reform, Atl. Mo., 75: 15-24. _(e)_ Rice, Improvement of the Civil
Service, N. Am. Rev., 161: 601-611. _(f)_ Roosevelt, Present Status
of Civil Service Reform, Atl. Mo., 75: 239-246. _(g)_ Roosevelt, Six
Years of Civil Service Reform, Scribner's Mag., 18: 238-247. _(h)_
The Purpose of Civil Service Reform, Forum, 30: 608-619.

11. What was the Tenure of Office Act of 1867? Why did it become of
great importance? Is it still in force? Wilson, Division and Reunion,
267, 270-271, 297; Harrison, This Country of Ours, 101-103.

12. What were the chief points discussed in the President's last annual
message?




CHAPTER XV.


THE CABINET.

Formation of Departments.--The Constitution nowhere mentions the
President's Cabinet. It was taken for granted, however, that departments
similar to those found in the Cabinet would be formed. The Constitution
declares that the President "may require the opinions in writing of the
heads of the executive departments," and again, that "Congress may vest
the appointment of certain inferior officers in the heads of these
departments."

In 1789 the first Congress created the Departments of State, War, and
Treasury, also the office of Attorney-General. President Washington's
Cabinet consisted of the officials whom he appointed to fill these four
positions. The Navy Department was added in 1798. While a Post-Office
Department was established in 1794, the Postmaster-General was not made
a member of the Cabinet until 1829. In 1849, the Interior Department was
created by grouping under it certain duties which had belonged to other
departments. The Department of Agriculture was made a Cabinet position
in 1889. In 1903 the Department of Commerce and Labor was authorized by
an Act of Congress, and in 1913 the Department of Labor was created.
Members of the Cabinet receive an annual salary of $12,000.

The President and His Cabinet.--One of the first official acts of
a President is to send to the Senate, for its approval, the names of the
men whom he desires shall constitute his Cabinet. This is now a mere
formality. The President is himself the one most interested in the
success of his administration and is of right given complete freedom in
selecting his immediate advisers. While the views of the members of the
Cabinet usually have weight with the President, he is not obliged to
take their advice. Indeed, in some instances the President has carried
out a line of action which was against the wishes of the secretary of
the department affected.


THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

The Secretary of State.--The Secretary of State is commonly called
the head of the Cabinet. He is first in rank at the Cabinet table, and
occupies the seat of dignity at the right of the President. Under the
direction of the President he conducts all negotiations relating to the
foreign affairs of the nation; carries on the correspondence with our
representatives in other countries; receives the representatives of
foreign powers accredited to the United States, and presents them to the
President. Through him the President communicates with the executives of
the different States. He has charge of the treaties made with foreign
powers, and negotiates new ones. He has also in his keeping the laws of
the United States and the great seal which he affixes to all executive
proclamations, commissions, and other official papers. During the year
1909 the department was reorganized in such a manner as to create a
division of Latin-American affairs and divisions for Far Eastern, Near
Eastern, and Western European affairs.

The Diplomatic Bureau.--The United States, in common with other
nations, sends representatives to the foreign capitals. They are the
agents through whom the Secretary of State communicates and negotiates
with other powers. Such affairs are conducted through the Diplomatic
Bureau. The United States has now about thirty-five ambassadors and
ministers. Our representatives at the courts of England, France,
Germany, Russia, Italy, Austria, Mexico, Brazil, Japan, and Turkey are
known as ambassadors. The ambassadors to these countries receive a
salary of $17,500 each.


The social demands made upon our ambassadors are great, and they
are also obliged to provide for their places of residence. The
salaries paid are not sufficient to meet these necessary expenses,
and are small in comparison with those paid by the European nations
to officers of the same rank. Thus, the English ambassador at
Washington receives a salary of $32,500. Besides the English, the
German, the Japanese, and some other nations have provided houses
for their legations.


The Consular Bureau.--A consul is sent by the United States to each
of the chief cities in the consular districts into which foreign
countries are divided by our State Department. These consuls, of whom
there are three grades, consuls-generals, consuls, and consular agents,
look after the commercial interests of the United States in those
districts. They make monthly reports on improvements in agricultural
and manufacturing processes. These reports also give information
regarding good markets for our products and of the best markets in which
to purchase foreign products.[50]

[Footnote 50: Among scores of similar subjects, our consuls reported,
within recent years, on the following: American goods in Syria; American
commerce with Asia Minor and Eastern Europe; German opinion of American
locomotives; American coal in Germany; European and American
competition.]

Consuls care for destitute American sailors and protect the interests of
our citizens in foreign countries. In some of the non-Christian nations,
such as China and Turkey, they also have jurisdiction over all criminal
cases in which any American citizen may be a party. The importance of
such services to our country is self-evident. The appointment of these
officials was formerly secured under party pressure. According to the
rule adopted in 1906, all vacancies in the consular service are
hereafter to be filled by promotion for ability and efficiency in the
service or by appointment of those who have passed the civil service
examination.


THE DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY.

The Secretary of the Treasury.--The Department of the Treasury is
the most extensive and complex of the executive departments. In general,
the Secretary of the Treasury has charge of the finances of the nation.
He is required to prepare plans for the creation and improvement of the
revenues and the public credit and to superintend the collection of the
revenue. He gives orders for all moneys drawn from the Treasury in
accordance with appropriations made by Congress, and submits an annual
report to Congress which contains an estimate of the probable receipts
and expenditures of the government.


The Auditors.--It is very important that the accounts of the
government should be carefully scrutinized, and one of the six
auditors connected with the Treasury Department must pass upon the
accounts of every public officer who pays out money. Thus, the
Auditor for the Treasury Department examines all accounts of
salaries and incidental expenses of the office of the Secretary of
the Treasury and all other offices under his immediate direction,
such as the Treasurer and Directors of the Mints.

The Treasurer.--All the money of the United States is under
the care of the Treasurer. He receives and pays it out upon the
warrant of the Secretary of the Treasury or a designated assistant,
redeems the notes of the National banks, and manages the
Independent Treasury System. This system renders the Treasury
Department practically independent of the banks of the country. It
includes the Treasury at Washington and sub-treasuries, each in
charge of an assistant treasurer at Boston, New York, Philadelphia,
Baltimore, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, New Orleans, and San
Francisco. While the greater part of the money belonging to the
government is found in these places, about two hundred National
banks have also been designated as public depositories.

The Chief of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.--The
Bureau[51] of Engraving and Printing is one of the largest in the
department and employs about 1600 people. It has been said that the
products of this bureau, in the course of a single year, represent
a sum equal in value to all the money in circulation in the United
States; for here the engraving of the plates and the printing of
all the United States circulating notes, bonds, revenue stamps, and
postage stamps are done.


[Footnote 51: The work of each department is usually distributed among
the bureaus. Bureaus are again divided into divisions. At the head of
each bureau is a commissioner, and of each division a chief.]

Other Officers of the Treasury Department.--Among the other
leading officials of the Treasury Department are: Comptroller of the
Currency, Commissioner of Internal Revenue, General Superintendent of
the Life-saving Service, Solicitor of the Treasury, Supervising
Surgeon-General, and Supervising Architect.


The Life-Saving Service.--This is one of the most important
offices in the Treasury Department. More than 2000 men are employed
in the 273 stations, located generally at danger points on the
oceans and the Great Lakes. Out of the 6000 lives imperiled in the
year 1910 in the disasters on water, only 53 were lost. Of the 1463
vessels of all kinds in distress, 1407 were rendered assistance by
life-savers. It has been estimated that over 230,000 lives have
been saved through this service since it was founded in 1848.

The Solicitor of the Treasury.--The Solicitor of the Treasury
is the law officer of the department, and has charge of all
prosecutions by the government arising out of the counterfeiting of
the government securities, or of the infringement of customs
revenue, and of all suits for the collection of moneys due the
United States, except those due under the internal revenue laws.

The Supervising Surgeon-General.--The Supervising
Surgeon-General superintends the twenty-two marine hospitals where
our sick sailors are cared for; conducts the quarantine service of
the United States, and directs the laboratories for the
investigation of the causes of contagious diseases.



THE WAR DEPARTMENT.

The Secretary of War.--The Secretary of War, under the direction of
the President, has charge of the military affairs of the government. He
supervises all estimates of appropriations for the expenses of the
department.[52] He has under his supervision also the military academy
at West Point, all National cemeteries, and river and harbor
improvement. The chiefs of the eleven bureaus are regular army officers.

[Footnote 52: The annual appropriation by Congress for the army alone in
1912 amounted to $90,483,403.]


The Adjutant-General.--The Adjutant-General issues orders for
the muster of troops and for their movement, conducts the
correspondence of the department, and keeps the records.

The Inspector-General.--The Inspector-General examines and
reports on all places where United States troops are stationed; on
public works carried on by army officers; and on the military
academy and prisons.

The Quartermaster-General.--Under direction of the
Quartermaster-General the army is transported, clothed, and
equipped.

The Chief of Ordnance.--Arms are supplied by the Chief of
Ordnance. The arms used are manufactured chiefly in the United
States arsenals. The arsenals at Springfield, Mass., and Rock
Island, Ill., manufacture rifles and carbines; and that at West
Troy, N.Y., cannon and mortars.

The United States Military Academy.--The United States
Military Academy at West Point was founded in 1802. The corps of
cadets is made up of one cadet from each of the Congressional
districts, one from each of the Territories and the District of
Columbia, and one hundred from the United States at large. Prior to
the year 1900 there were only ten cadets at large. The act of that
year also provided that thirty cadets were to be named by the
President directly and the remainder apportioned among the States.
They all receive their appointments from the President, but it has
become the custom for the representatives and delegates to select
(usually after a competitive examination) those from the
Congressional districts and the Territories. The cadet must be
between seventeen and twenty-two years of age. Each receives $540 a
year during the four years of his course. Upon graduation, the
cadets are commissioned as second lieutenants in the united States
army. In case there are more graduates than vacancies, those in
excess are honorably discharged with the payment of one year's
salary.


THE NAVY DEPARTMENT.

The Secretary of the Navy--The duties of the Secretary of the Navy
pertain to the construction, manning, arming, quipping, and employment
of war-vessels.[53]

[Footnote 53: The appropriation for this department in 1913 was
$140,000,000.]

The United States Naval Academy.--The naval academy at Annapolis
was established in 1846. One cadet is allowed in the naval academy for
each member or delegate of the House of Representatives, one for the
District of Columbia, and ten at large. Candidates for admission, at the
time of their examination, must be between the ages of fifteen and
twenty years. The nomination of a candidate to fill a vacancy is made
upon recommendation of a representative or delegate if made before July
1; but if no recommendation be made by that time, the Secretary of the
Navy fills the vacancy by appointing an actual resident of the district
in which the vacancy exists. The President selects the candidates at
large and the cadet for the District of Columbia. At the conclusion of
the six years' course, two of which are spent at sea, the graduates are
assigned in order of merit to the vacancies that may have occurred in
the lower grades of the line of the navy and of the marine corps. Cadets
who are not assigned to service after graduation are honorably
discharged and are given $500, the amount they have received each year
of their course at the academy.