TYNE, _vb._ lose, impair, destroy. C.S., 3; Wyntoun, IX, 21, 14;

R.R. 779. O.N. _tyna_, to lose, destroy, Norse _tyna_, to
lose, sometimes impair, Sw. dial. _tyna_, to destroy.

TYNSELL, TYNSALE, _sb._ loss. Bruce, V, 450, XIX, 449; R.R., 505. In
Wyntoun, IX, 3, 25, it means "delay, loss of time," frequently
means "loss of life, slaughter." M.E. _tinsel_, loss, ruin,
probably a Sco. formation from _tyne_, to lose, similarly in
Norse _tynsell_, loss (not frequent), from _tyna_.

TYNSALE, _vb._ to lose, suffer loss. Bruce, XIX, 693. See the sb.

TYTT, _adj._ firm, tight. Wallace, VII, 21, 2. O.N. _þittr_, tight,
close, Norse, _tett_ or _titt_, Dan. _taet_, Sw. _taet_, close
together, tight, Eng. dial. _theet_. The long vowel in _theet_
is unusual.


UG, _vb._ to dislike, abhor. Winyet, II, 31, 32; Scott, 71, 119.
O.N. _ugga_, abhor, Norse _ugga_, see B-S.

UGSUM, _adj._ fearful. Sat. P., 3, 135. See _ug_. _Ougsum_, Howlate,
I, 8, means "ugly."

UNDERLIE, _adj._ wonderful. Gau, 29, 24. Dan. _underlig_, Norse,
_underleg_, O.N. _underlegr_, wonderful, shows Scand. loss of
_w_ before _u_. The O.E. word is _wundorlic_, cp. Scand.
_ulf_, Eng. _wolf_. The word is Dan. in Gau.

UNFLECKIT, _adj._ unstained. Psalms, XXIV, 4. See _fleckerit_.

UNGANAND (g[-e]n.), _adj._ unfit, unprepared. Douglas, II, 48, 16.
See _ganand_.

UNRUFE, _sb._ restlessness, vexation. Gol. and Gaw., 499. See
_rove_, sb. Cp. Norse _uro_, restlessness, noise, Dan. _uro_,
id.

UNSAUCHT, _adj._ disturbed, troubled. Gol. and Gaw., II, 12. See
_saucht_.

UPBIGARE, _sb._ a builder. Winyet, II, 3, 4. See _big_. Cp. Norse
_bygga up_.

UPLOIP, _vb._ leap up. Montg., M.P., III, 33. See _loup_. On this
change of _ou_ to _oi_ cp. the same word in Norse, _laupa_ and
_loipa_.


VATH, WAITH, _sb._ danger. Bruce, V, 418; Wallace, IX, 1737.
O.N._vaethi_, harm, mishap, disaster, Dan. _vaade_, danger,
adversity, Sw. _vade_, an unlucky accident, M.E. _w[-a]þe_,
peril. Does not seem to exist in the modern diall.

VITTERLY, _adv._ certainly. Bruce, IV, 771; X, 350. O.N. _vitrliga_,
wisely, Dan. _vitterlig_, well-known, undoubted, M.E.
_witerliche_, certainly.

VYNDLAND, _pr. p._ whirling around. Bruce, XVII, 721. O.N. _vindla_,
to wind up. Norse _vindel_, a curl, anything twisted or wound.
Cu. _winnel_. Cp. Dan. _vindelbugt_, a spiral twist. Skeat
cites provincial Eng. _windle_, a wheel for winding yarn.


WAG, _vb._ to totter, walk unsteady. Dunbar, 120, 98. Norse,
_vagga_, to swing, rock, sway, O.N. _vaga_, to waddle. See
further Skeat.

WAGGLE, _vb._ to wag, sway from side to side, wabble. M.W., 16, 23;
51, 5. Sw. dial. _vagla_, _vackla_, to reel, Norse _vakla_,
id. May be taken as a Sco. frequentative of _wag_, q.v. Not to
be derived from the L.G. word. Confined to the Scand.
settlements.

WAILIE, _adj._ excellent. Burns, 179, 2, 3, and 8, 7. See _wale_,
sb.

WAILIT, _adj._ choice, fashionable, excellent. Rolland, I, 64. See
_wail_, vb.

WALE, _vb._ to select, choose. Douglas, III, 3, 21; Dunbar, G.T.,
186. Probably from the noun _wale_, choice. The vowel does not
correspond with that of the O.N. vb. _velja_, which should
have become _well_. But the forms _dwall_ from O.N. _dvelja_,
and _hale_, O.N. _hella_, appear in Sco. _Wale_ may be a
formation analogous to _hale_.

WAITH, _sb._ the spoil of the chase or of fishing. Wallace, I, 386.
O.N. _vaeiethr_, a catch in hunting or fishing. Norse _veidd_,
the chase, _veida_, to hunt. On Sco. _faid_, a company of
hunters. See I, Sec.22.

WANDRETH, _sb._ sorrow, trouble. Douglas, I, 88, 14. O.N.
_vandraeethi_, difficulty, trouble. Norse, _vanraad_, misery,
poverty.

WANT, VANT, _vb._ lack, stand in need of, suffer. Montg., S., 48, 3;
Lyndsay, 152, 40704; Bruce, V, 422; Burns, 113, 2, 3. O.N.
_vanta_, to lack. Norse _vanta_, lack, never means desire.
This is the regular use of the word in Sco.

WANTHREIVIN, _adj._ unthriven, miserable. Montg., F., 327. O.N.
_van_ + _þrifenn_, Norse _vantreven_, O.N. vb. _þrifa_, Norse
_triva_, _vantriva_ (refl.). See Skeat under Eng. _thrive_ and
_thrift_.

WAP (w[)ae]p), _vb._ to turn, overturn, throw, hurl. Douglas, I, 2,
20; III, 167, 28; Gol. and Gaw., 127. O.N. _vappa_, to waddle.
Norse _vappa_, turn, wrap around. Sw. dial. _vappla_, wrap up.
Cu. _wap_, to wrap.

WARE, _vb._ to lay out money, spend. Rolland, III, 450; Dunbar, 92,
13; R.R., 3553. O.N. _verja_, to invest money. See Wall.

WAUR, _vb._ to overcome. Burns, 7, 1, 7; Psalms, CXL, 2. See _werr_.
Cp. Eng. _worst_ as a vb. and superlative of bad, worse.

WEIK, _vb._ to weaken. Scott, 68, 14. Cp. Norse _veikja_, to
weaken, make weak. O.N. _vaeikja_, to grow weak, both from adj.
_vaeikr_, weak, same as O.E. _w[-a]c_. The Sco. vb. may be
formed directly from the adj., in which case its origin
becomes uncertain. Skeat says Eng. _weak_, M.E. _weyke_ (which
replaced _wook_ < O.E. _w[-a]c_), is from O.N. _vaeikr_. But
the M. Sco. form of O.E. or O. Nhb. _w[-a]c_ was _w[-a]ke_
(w[-e]k); our word could come from this. The diphthong,
however, rather indicates that it comes from the Norse vb.

WEILL-VARANDLY, _adv._ in a proper manner. R.R., 911. See _farrand_.
Cp. O.N. _fara vel_, Norse _fara vel_, to go well, _velfaren_,
gone well.

WELTER, _vb._ to roll, turn, overturn. Bruce, XI, 25; III, 700;
Douglas, II, 125, 25; T.M.W., 439; Lyndsay, 342, 770. O.N.
_valtra_, to be unsteady, not firm, easily shaken. O. Sw.
_valltra_, Sw. dial. _vaelltra_, to roll.

WERR, WERE, WAR, VAR, WAUR, _adj._ worse. C.S., 57; Lyndsay,
428, 1392; R.R., 589, etc. O.N. _verr_, worse, Norse _verr_,
_verre_, Dan. _vaerre_, Sw. _vaerr_, Cu. _waar_. This is the
modern Sco. pronunciation of it. The O. Fr. _wirra_ does not
correspond to the Sco. forms of the word. It is most common in
Scotland and N.W. England.

WICHT, _adj._ strong, vigorous, skillful. Bruce, VII, 263; Ramsay,
I 253. O.N. _vigr_, fit for battle, skilled in war, from
_vig_, battle, Sw. _vig_, active, M.E. _wiht_, valiant. B-S.
queries the word, but thinks it may come from M.L.G. _wicht_,
heavy, thus the same word as Eng. _weight_. This meaning is,
however, not satisfactory. The Sco. usage is that of the
Scand. word. The _t_ is inflectional. Cp. O.N. _eiga vigt um_.

WICK, _vb._ to make to turn, to strike off on the side, strike a
stone in an oblique direction, a term in curling, to hit the
corner (Wagner). O.N. _vikja_, to turn, to veer, Sw. dial.
_vik_, Sw. _wika_, Norse _vikja_, _vika_, to turn (causative).
Dan. _vige_ not quite the same word.

WILKATT, _sb._ a wild cat, Dalr., I, 723. Ramsay II, 500. O.N.
_vill_ + Eng., Norse _cat_, _kat_.

WILL, VILL, _adj. adv._ lost, bewildered, astray. Dunbar, 228, 74;
Douglas, II, 24, 6, "to go will." O.N. _villr_, bewildered,
_fara villt_, get lost, Norse _vill_, astray, Dan. _vild_, Sw.
_vill_. Cp. Cu. _wills_, doubts, "Aaz i' wills whether to gang
or nit."

WILRONE, _sb._ a wild boar. Scott, 71, 106. O.N. _vill_, wild, +
_runi_, a boar, a wild boar, Norse _rone_, _raane_, Sw. dial.
_rane_, Dan., with metathesis, _orne_.

WILSUM, _adj._ errant, wandering. Douglas, II, 65, 16; "a wilsome
way," "Freires of Berwick," 410. See _will_, astray. _Wilsum_
more frequently means "willful," is Eng.

WISSLE, VISSIL, WYSSIL. Douglas, III, 225, 8; Bruce, XII, 580;
Montg., F., 578. O.N. _vixla_, to cross, to put across,
_vixlingr_, a changeling (Cl. and V.), Norse _veksla_,
_vessla_, to exchange, Dan. _veksle_. Sco. and Norse both show
the change of _ks_ to _ss_. The Norse form _versla_ shows
later dissimilation of _ss_ to _rs_. This is W.Norse.

WITTIR, _sb._ a sign. Douglas, II, 231, 16. See _wittering_.

WITTERING, VITTERING, _sb._ information, knowledge. Bruce, IV, 562;
Douglas, II, 185, 27. O.N. _vitring_, revelation, from vb.
_vitra_, to reveal. Norse _vitring_, information, M.E.
_witering_, id.

WELTER, _sb._ an overturning. Winyet, I, 49, 22. See the vb.
_welter_.




PART III.


1. THE DIALECTAL PROVENIENCE OF LOANWORDS.

The general character of the Scand. loanwords in Sco. is Norse, not
Dan. This is shown by (a) A number of words that either do not exist
in Dan. or else have in Sco. a distinctively W. Scand. sense;
(b) Words with a W. Scand. form.

(a). The following words have in Sco. a W. Scand. meaning
or are not found in Danish:

AIRT, to urge. O.N. _erta_. Not a Dan. word.
APERT, boldly. O.N. _apr_. Not Dan.
AWEBAND, a rope for tying cattle. O.N. _haband_. Meaning
distinctively W. Scand.
BAUCH, awkward. Not E. Scand.
BEIN, liberal. Meaning is W. Scand.
BROD, to incite. O.N. _brodda_, id. Dan. _brodde_, means "to
equip with points."
BYSNING, monstrous. O.N. _bysna_. Not E. Scand.
CARPE, to converse. Not E. Scand.
CHOWK, jawbone. Rather W. Scand. than E. Scand.
CHYNGILL, gravel. A Norse word.
DAPILL, gray. A W. Scand. word.
DYRDUM, uproar. W. Scand. The word is also found in Gael.
Furthermore the form is more W. Scand. than Dan. Cp. _dyr_ and
_dor_.
DOWLESS, worthless. _Duglauss_ a W. Scand. word.
DUDS, clothes. Not found in Dan. or Sw.
ETTLE, aim at. W. Scand. meaning. O. Dan. _aetlae_ meant "ponder
over."
FARRAND, handsome. This meaning is Icelandic and Norse.
FELL, mountain. W. Scand. more than E. Scand.
GANE, be suitable. O.N. _gegna_. Vb. not found in Dan.
GYLL, a ravine. O.N. _gil_. Is W. Scand.
HEID, brightness. O.N. _haereth_. Icel. and Norse.
HOOLIE, slow. O.N. _hogligr_. Not in Dan. or Sw.
KENDILL, to kindle. Ormulum _kinndlenn_ is from O. Ic. _kendill_
(Brate).
LIRK, to crease. I have not found the word in E. Scand.
MELDER, flour. O.N. _meldr_. Is W. Scand., particularly Norse.
POCKNET, a fishnet. O.N. _p[-o]ki-net. _ Not Dan.
RAMSTAM, indiscreet, boisterous. Both elements are W. Scand.
SCARTH, cormorant. W. Scand.
TARN, a lake. Distinctively Norse.
TYNE, to lose. O.N. _tyna_. Distinctively Norse.
WAITH, booty. O.N. _vaeiethr_. Icel. and Sondmore, Norway.
WARE, to spend. N. _verja_. W. Scand.
WICK, to cause to turn. O.N. _vikja_. Not Danish.


(b). The following words are W. Scand. in form:

BOLAX, hatchet. O.N. _boloex_. The O. Dan. word has the vowel _u_,
_buloex_.
BOWN, O.N. _buinn_, cp. _grouf < grufu_; _bowk_ < _bukr_;
_stroup_ < _strjupr_; _dowless_ < _duglauss_, etc. The O. Dan.
word was _boin_. The form in Orm. is _b[-u]n_, a Norse
loanword.
BUSK, to prepare, has W. Scand. reflexive ending _sk_.
BUTH, O.N. _bueth_. The O. Dan., O. Sw. vowel was _o_, _boeth_ and
_bodh_, so in modern Dan. diall. In Norse diall. it is _u_.
CAPPIT shows W. Scand. assimilation of _mp_ < _pp_.
CLUBBIT shows W. Scand. assimilation of _mb_ < _bb_.
DRUCKEN exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of _nk > kk_. Cp. O.Dan.
_dronkne_, _drone_, but N.Dan. _drukken_.
HARN corresponds better to O.N. _hjarni_ than to umlauted Dan.
_hjerne_, O.Sw. _hiaerne_.
ILL, WILL. Both show assimilation of _ld_ to _ll_. Cp. O.N.
_illr, villr_, but Dan. _ilde_, _vild_.
RUND, ROOND, is rather the O.N. _rond_ than Dan. _rand_.
SER, SEIR corresponds better to O.N., O. Ic. _ser_ than to O.Dan.
_saer_. This change of _e_ to _ae_ in Dan. was, however, late,
i.e., in the last part of the 10th Century. See Noreen
P.G.(2)I, 526.
SLAK, O.N. _slakki_. Shows W. Scand. assimilation of _nk_ > _kk_.
STAPP, O.N. _stappa_. Has W. Scand. assimilation of _mp_ > _pp_.
Cp. _cappit_.
STERT is O.N. _sterta_. Cp. Dan. _styrte_.
WANDRETH is nearer to O.N. _vandraeethi_ than to O. Dan. *_vandraþ_
(Brate), from which N.Dan. _vanraad_.

Monophthongization of _ou_ to _o_, _ai_ to _i_ (_e_), _oey_ to _oe_
took place in O. Dan. about 900. The Scand. loanwords in Eng., where
the monophthong might be expected to appear, nearly always have the
diphthong, however, which as we know was kept in W. Scand. Have such
words been borrowed from W. Scand. then, or were they borrowed from
Dan. before the period of monophthongation? Danish settlements began
in the latter half of the 9th Century, but Dan. (and Norse) and Eng.
did not merge immediately. Scand. continued to be spoken throughout
the next century down to the beginning of the 11th Century (Noreen).
Brate says the majority of loanwords probably came in in the
beginning of the 10th Century. Wall points out that the Mercian and
the Northumbrian Gospels of the 1st part of the 10th Century show
extremely small traces of Scand. influence. It would seem, then,
that the greater number of loanwords came in after monophthongation
had taken place in Dan. The following dates for the appearance of
loanwords in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle may be of interest. These are
all taken from Egge's article, "Norse Words in the A-S. Chronicle."

_Hold_ first appears in 905, then again in 911 and 921; _law_ in the
present sense is first used in 959; in 1002 is first found the word
_grith_, peace, which at once became common; _laetan_, to think, is
first found in 1005. In 1008 appears _sagth_; in 1011 _hustinge_;
1014 _utlagian_; 1048 the noun _utlah_; 1016 _feologan_; 1036, 1046,
1047, _lithmen_, sailors; _lith_, fleet, in 1012, 1066, 1068, 1069,
1071; in 1055 _sciplith_; in 1036, 1041, 1054, 1045, and 1071
_huscarl_; _hamule_, _hamle_ 1039; _ha_ 1040; _hasata_, rower, (O.N.
_ha-saeti_) in 1052; in 1048 _bunda_ and _husbunda_; 1049 _nithing_;
in the same year also the phrase _scylode of male_, paid off (O.N.
_skilja af mali_); 1052, 1066 _butscarl_, boatsman, _hytte_ in 1066,
_wyrre_ 1066. In 1072 for the first time appears _tacan_; in 1076
_hofding_ and _brydlop_, etc.

We may conclude that the Scand. elements that had come into O.Eng.
in the beginning of the 10th Century were not large. From the middle
of the century they came in in large numbers, but the period of most
extensive borrowing seems rather to be the last part of the 10th and
the first half of the 11th Century. Wall suggests that the Dan.
spoken by the Dan. settlers in England was of a more archaic kind
than that spoken in Denmark--that this might in many cases account
for the archaic character of the loanwords. We know that the
settlements in central England were predominantly Dan. as opposed
to Norse. The Scand. place-names as well as the character of the
loanwords in the Ormulum indicate that. It is probable, then, that
monophthongation took place later in the Dan. spoken in England than
in that spoken in Denmark. The following is a list of some of these
words found in Scotch. O.N. _aei_, Dan. _e_: _bayt_, to graze;
_blaik_, to cleanse; _graip_, a fork; _grane_, a branch; _graith_,
to prepare; _laike_, to play; _slaik_, to smoothen; _lairing_,
gutter; the Yorkshire form _lyring_ (Wall) seems to show an original
monophthong. O.N. _oey_: _careing_, _smaik_. O.N. _ou_, Dan. _oe_:
_blout_, bare; _douff_, dull; _gowk_, a fool; _haugh_, a knoll;
_loup_, to run; _louse_, loose; _nout_, cattle; _rowt_, to roar;
_rowst_, to cry out; _stowp_, a beaker; _stour_, a pole.

It will be seen from the above, leaving out of consideration the
diphthong _ou_ and _ai_, that the character of a large number of the
loanwords is Norse. In a great many cases the E. and W. Scand. form
of the word was the same. There are, however, a few words in Sco.
that bear a Dan. stamp: _sprent_, _donk_ and _slonk_ exhibit
E. Scand. non-assimilation of _nt_ and _nk_ to _tt_ and _kk_. _Snib_
corresponds to Dan. _snibbe_, cp. M.E. _snibben_. All these have the
umlaut. Eng. _snub_, M.E. _snubben_ and O.N. _snubba_ have the
unumlauted vowel. _Bud_ agrees closer with Dan. _bud_, _budh_, than
O.N. _boeth_, Norse _bod_. _Thraive_ (Dunbar) and _threave_ (Ramsay)
both indicate an original _a_-vowel, hence correspond better to Dan.
_trave_ than O.N. _þrefi_. To these may be added _bask_, _flegger_
and _forjeskit_, which are not found in W. Scand.


2. (a) THE OLD NORTHERN VOWELS IN THE LOANWORDS.

The values given in the following tables are for Middle Scotch. The
symbols used do not need explanation:

SHORT VOWELS.

_a._

O.N. _a_ in originally close syllable > _ae_, written _a_:
_anger_, _hansell_, _apert_, _ban_, _blabber_,
_slak_, _cast_, _chaff_, _dash_, _dram_, _bang_,
_fang_, _stang_, _lack_, etc.
O.N. _a_ in originally close syllable before _r_ remains
_a_: _bark_, _carl_, _carp_, _farrand_, _garth_,
_harth_, _scarth_, _swarf_, and _harsk_ (O. Dan.).
O.N., O. Dan. _a_ in close syllable > _e_ in _blether_,
_forjeskit_, _welter_.
_a_ in close syllable > _[-e]_ (_ay_, _ai_) in _aynd_,
_baittenin_.
_a_ in close syllable remains _a_, written _o_ in
_cog_.
O.N. _a_ in originally open syllable regularly becomes
_[-e]_, written _a_, _ai_, _ay_: _dasen_, _flake_,
_maik_, _scait_, etc.
O.N. _a_ + _g_ > _[-e]_ written _ai_ in _braid_, _gane_
(to profit).
_a_ + _g_ > _aw_ in _bawch_. In _mawch_ _eth_ fell out
and _a_ developed as _a_ before _g_.

_e._

O.N. _e_ remains in _airt_, _bekk_, _bleck_, _cleck_,
_cleg_, _egg_ (to incite), _elding_, _esping_,
_fleckerit_, _freckled_, _gedde_, _gengeld_, _kendell_,
_melder_, _mensk_, _nevin_, _werr_, _spenn_, _stert_,
_sker_.
O. Dan. _e_ remains in _sprent_.
O.N. _e_ becomes _i_ in _lirk_, _kitling_, and before
_ng_ in _ding_, _flingin_, _hing_, and also in
_skrip_, _styddy_.
O.N. _e_ > _ae_, written _a_, in _dapill_, _clag_.
Cp. _sprattle_ in Burns.
> _ae_ before _r_ in _ware_.
> _a_ before _r_ in _karling_.
O.N. _e_ > _i_ in _neefe_ (_nieve_).
O.N. _e_ appears as _u_ in _studdy_. See word list.
O.N. _e_ (from older _aei_) > _[-e]_ in _hailse_.
_e_ + _g_ > _e_ written _a_, _ai:_ e.g., _haine_,
_gane_ (to suit).

_i._

O.N. _i_ generally remains _i_: _bing_, _grith_, _kist_,
_link_, _lite_, _titling_, _wilrone_, frequently
written _y_: _byng_, _chyngill_, _gyll_, etc.
O.N. _i_ before _st_ > _e_: _gestning_, _restit_.
_i_ > _[-i]_ in _ithand_ (_ythand_), and _ei_ in
_eident_.

_o._

O.N. _o_ remains _o_: _boldin_, _bolle_, _brod_,
_costlyk_, _loft_, _rock_, etc.
O.N. _o_ + _g_ > _ow_ in _low_.

_u._

O.N. _u_ generally remains _u_: _bught_, _buller_,
_clunk_, _cunnand_, _lucken_, _ugg_, _clubbit_,
_drucken_, _skugg_. The sound of _u_ in O.N.,
however, was approximately that of _oo_ in "foot."
O.N. _u_ > _[-u]_ in _drook_.

_y._

O.N. _y_ always becomes _i_, written _i_, _y_: _big_,
_birr_, _filly_, _flit_, _trig_, _wyndland_,
_gylmyr_. The O.N. _y_ had approximately the value
of Germ. _ue_.

_ae._

O.N. _ae_ > _e_ in _ettle._

_oe_

O.N. _oe_ > _e_ in _gleg_, _glegy_, appears as _u_ in
_slut_.
O.N. _oe_, _u_-_v_-umlaut of _a_, becomes _ae_, written
_a_: _daggit_, _ragweed_, _tangle_.
O.N. _oe_, _u_-umlaut of _a_ in originally open syllable,
like open _a_, > _[-e]_ in _spale_.

Hence _u_-umlaut does not appear in loanwords.

_ja_ (_ia_).

O.N. _ja_ > _a_ in _assle-tooth_, _harn_, _starn_.
> _e_ in _sker_ and _stern_.

_joe_ (_ioe_).

O.N. _joe_ > _a_ in _tarn_.
O.N. _joe_ > _i_ before _r_ in _firth_, _gyrth_
(_gjoerth_), _gyrthin_.


LONG VOWELS.

_[-a]_.

O.N. _[-a]_ regularly > _[-e]_, written _a_, _ai_, _ay_,
_ae_, _ei_ (?): _baith_, _blae_, _bray_, _braith_,
_fra_, _frae_, _lait_, _craik_, _ra_, _saikless_,
_spay_, etc.
O.N. _[-a]_ + _g_ > _aw_, _awch_, _aigh_, _aich_,
_awsome_, _law_, sb. _law_, adj. _lawch_, beside
_laigh_ and _laich_ in N. Sco.
O.N. _[-a]_ + _l_ > _ow_ in _chowk_ (O.N. _kjalki_).

_[-e]_.

O.N. _[-e]_ remains in _ser_, _seir_.
_[-e]_ > _[-ae]_, written _a_, in _fallow_.
O.N. _[-e]_ before _tt_ > _i_, written _y_, in _tytt_.
Cp. _titt_ in W.Norse dial.

_[-i]_.

O.N. _[-i]_ most frequently remains _[-i]_, written _i_,
_y_: _flyre_, _gryce_, _grise_, _myth_, _skrik_,
_rive_, _ryfe_, _tithand_, etc.
O.N. _[-i]_ appears as _e_ in _skrech_, probably
pronounced _skrich_.
O.N. _[-i]_ > _[-e]_, written _ei_, in _quey_, _gleit_,
_keik_.
O.N. _[-i]_ > _[)i]_ in _scrip_, _wick_, and before
original _xl_ in _wissle_ (_wyssyl_).
The corresponding word in Norse also has a short vowel,
but changed to _e_, _veksl_, _vessla_ (and _versla_).

_[-o]_.

O.N. _[-o]_ > _[-u]_, written _o_, _oo_, _u_, _eu_:
_crove_, _rove_, _unrufe_, _hoolie_, _hulie_, _lufe_,
_ruse_, _roose_, _sleuth_, _tume_.
O.N. _[-o]_ > _ou_ in _clour_.
_[-o]_ > _oy_ in _toym_ (Bruce), exact sound uncertain.
_[-o]_ + _l_ > _ow_ in _bow_.

_[-u]_.

O.N. _[-u]_ remains in _buth_, _grouf_.
O.N. _[-u]_ generally > _ou_, _ow_: _boun_, _bowne_,
_bowk_, _cow_, _cour_, etc.
_[-u]_ > _[-o]_ in _solande_, _stot_.
_[-u]_ > _[)u]_ in _busk_.

_[-y]_.

O.N. _[-y]_ regularly > _[-i]_, written _i_, _y_:
_lythe_, _tyne_, _sit_, _skyrin_, _snite_. Cp. _y_.
O.N. _[-y]_ appears as _[-e]_ (_ei_) in _neiris_, exact
sound not certain. Cp. _[-y]_ before _st_ > _[)i]_ in
_thrist_ (O.N. _þrysta_).

_[-ae]_.

O.N. _[-ae]_ remains in _hething_.
_[-ae]_ > _e_ in _sait_.
_[-ae]_ > _e_, _e_, in _rad_, _red_, _radness_, etc.


DIPHTHONGS.

_ai_.

O.N. _ai_ > _[-e]_, written _a_, _ai_, _ay_, _ei_:
_bait_, _bein_, _bayt_, _blaik_, _dey_, _grane_,
_graip_, _graith_, _heid_, _laif_, _lairet_,
_lairing_, _lak_, _laiching_, _thwaite_, _waith_,
_slaik_, _swage_, _raise_, _tha_.
O.N. _ai_ > _i_ in _nyte_ (?).
O.N. _ai_ is represented by _i_ before _r_ in _thir_.
Cp. Cu. _thur_.
O.N. _ain_ > _en_ initially in _enkrely_.

_oey_.

O.N. _oey_ > _[-e]_, written _e_, _ai_: _careing_, _dey_,
_smaik_.
_oey > e_ in _yemsel_ (_yhemsell_), may be a case of
Dan. monophthongation.

_ou_, _au_.

O.N. _ou_, _au_ is regularly _ou_, _ow_ in Sco.: _blowt_,
_douff_, _dowff_, _gowk_, _gowl_, _loup_, _louse_,
_nowt_, _rout_, _rowste_, _soum_. Very frequently
appears as _oi_, _oy_: e.g., _soym_, _doif_, _goilk_,
_loip_, etc.
O.N. _ou > u_ in _gukk_, vb. formed from _gowk_ (?).

_jo_.

O.N. _jo_ before _r_ > _a_ in _starn_ (O.N. _stjorn_).
_jo > ei_ in _leister_. Appears as _i_ in the N. Sco.
word _shiel_.

_ju_.

O.N. _ju_ > _[-u]_ in _stroop_.
_ju_ > _i_ in _skyle_.


(b) THE OLD NORTHERN CONSONANTS.

_b_.

O.N. _b_ regularly remains _b_.
Is lost after _m_ in _gylmyr_.
_b_ > _p_ initially _pirrye._

_d_.

O.N. _d_ regularly remains.
Is lost after _n_ in _hansell_.
An epenthetic _d_ appears after _n_ in _solande_,
_ythand_; after _l_ in _boldin_ and _rangeld_.
O.N. _ld_ > _ll_ in _caller_.

_g_.

O.N. _g_ regularly remains _g_ before guttural and
palatal vowels alike.
_g_ > _[*g]_ before a palatal vowel in _gen[*g]eld_,
_yhemsel_.
O.N. _g_ disappears after _n_ in _titlene_.
_g_ > _ch_ in _bawch_, _lawch_.
On O.N. _a_ + _g_, _o_ + _g_, _e_ + _g_, see the
vowels.

_p_.

O.N. _p_ regularly remains _p_.
_p_ > _ph_ finally in _sumph_.

_t_.

O.N. _t_ regularly remains _t_.
_t_ > _tch_ in _scratch_.
Seems to have become _d_ in _cadie_ (O.N. _katr_), but
Dan. _kadh_ may be the source.
An epenthetic _t_ after _n_ appears in _eident_.

_k_.

O.N. _k_ regularly remains _k_.
_k_ > _ch_ finally in _screch_. Cp. also _laiching_.
O.N. _ks_ (_x_) > _ss_ in _assletooth_, _wissle_.
On O.N. _sk_, see _s_.

_v_.

O.N. _v_ regularly becomes _w_: _welter_, _witter_,
_ware_, _werr_, _wicht_, etc.
O.N. _v_ is represented by _v_ in _vath_, _vittirly_,
_vyndland_, all in Bruce.
An epenthetic _v_ appears after _o_ (_u_) in _crove_,
_rove_, _unrufe_.

_eth_, _þ_

O.N. _eth_, _þ_ quite regularly > _th_: _baith_,
_bletherb_, _raith_, _buith_, _degraith_, _firth_,
_garth_, _graith_, _ithand_, _lythe_, _mythe_,
_hething_, _harth_, _grith_, _gyrth_, _waith_,
_vath_, _sleuth_, _tath_, _skaith_, _wandreth_, etc.
O.N. _eth_ > _d_ medially and finally in _eident_,
_ydlanlie_, _heid_, _red_, _duds_, _stud_.
O.N. _eth_ is lost in _mauch_.
O.N. _þ_ initially remains in _thrist_, _thra_, _thraif_,
_tha_, _thir_, _thwaite_, _wan-threvin_.
_þ_ > _t_ in _tytt_, _tangle_.

_f._

O.N. _f_ initially always remains.
Medially and finally _f_ remains in _cloff_, _nefe_,
_lufe_, _laif._
Medially and finally _f_ > _v_ in: _nieve_, _nevin_,
_rive_, _lave_, _crave_.
O.N. _f_ > _th_ in _scarth_ (O.N. _skarfr_).
An epenthetic _f_ appears in _unrufe_ (_v?_).

_s._

O.N. _s_ regularly remains _s_.
_s_ > _ch_ in _chyngill_ (?).

_sk._

O.N. _sk_ = _sk_ initially medially and finally: _skar_,
_sker_, _skewit_, _skill_, _skugg_, _skrech_,
_skant_, _scait_, _scool_, _scratch_, _scarth_,
_skait_, _skail_, _scud_, _scudler_, _script_,
_skyle_, _skeigh_, _busk_, _bask_ (dry), _harsk_,
_harskness_, _forjeskit_, _mensk_(?).
O.N. _sk_ > _sh_ finally in _dash_ (?).
_sk_ > _sh_ before a guttural vowel in _shacklet_ (?),
and _schore_ (?).
O.N. _sk_ before _i_ (_[-i]_) > _sh_ in _shiel_.
Cp. _skyle_ above.
_sk_ > _s_ finally in _mense_.