obstreperous.
RANEGILL, _sb._ a scapegrace, a worthless fellow. Johnnie Gibb, 179,
11. Cp. Norse _rangel_, _ranglefant_, a loafer, rascal.
Doubtful.

RANGALE, _sb._ rabble, mob. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 35; Bruce, XII, 474.
O.N. _hrang_, noise, tumult, especially the noise a crowd
makes.

RED, _vb._ to clear away, clear up, set to rights. R.R., 1242;
Isaiah, LX, 10. O.N. _hryethja_, to clear away, Norse _rydja_,
_rydda_, Sw. _roedja_, Dan. _rydde_. Cp. Eng. _rid_, O. Fr.
_hredda, _ O.E. _hreddan_, Norse _redda_, save, liberate.
Germ. _retten_ is another word.

RED UP, _vb._ open up. Isaiah, XL, 3; LXII, 10. O.N. _hryethja upp,
_ Norse _rydde op_, clear up. In Ramsay, II, 225, _red up_
pp. means dressed. See also Wall under _red_.

REDDING, _sb._ growing afraid. Lyndsay, 356, 1263. See _rad_, _red_.

REESE, _vb._ to extol. Ramsay, I, 262. Eng. _raise_. See also
_raise_ above, as used in Burns.

RESTIT (very frequently reestit), _adj._ dry, withered. Burns, 6, 5.
Dan. _riste_, to dry something over a _rist_, _ristet_, dried.
O.N. _rist_, a gridiron. Cp. Cu. _reestit_, rancid, rusty.

RIVE, RYFE, RIF (r[-i]v), _vb._ to tear, break open, cleave.
Lyndsay, 434, 156; Wynyet, II, 6514; Psalms, XXIX, 5. O.N.
_rifa_, to tear, Norse _riva_, _reiva_, Dan. _rive_, Sw.
_rifwa_, M.E. _raven_ id. Cp. Dunbar, T.M.W., 350, "rif into
sondir," tear to pieces, and Norse "rive sonde." Cu. _reavv_,
and _ryve_.

ROCK, _sb._ a loom, spinning wheel, spinning distaff. Lyndsay, 109,
3330; Burns, 223, 112, 3; 240, 148, 1. O.N. _rokkr_, a loom,
Norse _rokk_, Dan. _rok_, spinning wheel.

ROCKING, _sb._ "a chat, a friendly visit at which they would spin on
the rock which the visitor carried along with her" (Wagner).
Burns, 4, 28. See _rock_.

ROVE, RUFE, _sb._ rest, repose. Montg., M.P., VI, 20; Scott, 62, 19.
O.N. _ro_, Norse, Dan. _ro_, quiet, rest, Orm. _ro_ (see
Brate). Final epenthetic _v_ also occurs in other words in
Sco. Cp. _qhwov_ for _qwho, cruive_, besides _crue_, etc.

ROWSTE, _vb._ "to cry with a rough voice." Douglas, III, 304, 11.
O.N. _raust_, the voice. Dan. _roest_, Sw. _roest_, Norse
_ryest_. Cp. O.N. _rausa_, to talk loud or fast. Shetland
_ruz_ (Cl. and V.). The Sco. vb. seems to be formed from a sb.
_rowste_, which occurs in Orm.

ROWT, ROUT, _vb._ to cry out, roar. Lyndsay, 538, 4353; Montg., F.,
501; Rolland, IV, 406. O.N. _rauta_, O. Ic. _r[o,]uta_, to
roar, to bellow, Norse _rauta_, _raeuta_, Sw. dial. _roeta_, id.
The Sw. word exhibits the E. Scand. monophthongation, which
took place in Dan. about 900.

ROWT, _sb._ loud clamor. Poet. R., 157; Ramsay, I, 251. See vb.
_rowt_.

RUCKLE, RICLE, _sb._ a little heap of anything. Lyndsay, 539, 4356;
Burns, 596; M.W., 114, 3. See Wall under _rook_. _Ruckle_ is
the form of the word in Edinburgh dial. May be Eng. Skeat
considers Eng. _ruck_ Scand. and _rick_ Eng., but in Scotland
the one may be simply a variant of the other, not necessarily
a doublet. Cp. _fill_ and _full_.

RUIK, a heap. Lyndsay, 454, 2079; 494, 3075. Spelled _ruck_, meaning
"a cock of hay," in Ramsay's "The Gentle Shepherd," 160. See
Wall, under _rook_. Cp. Cu. _ruck_, the chief part, the
majority.

ROOP AND STOOP. Ramsay, II, 527; M.W. 203, 8; 214, 5. Cp. _rubb og
stubb_, every particle. Aasen defines "loest og fast, smaat og
stort, selja rubb og stubb," sell everything, dispose of all
one has; literally "stump and piece," "rump and stump." Used
exactly the same way in Sco. Of very frequent occurrence in
this sense in Norway.

RUND, ROOND, ROON, _sb._ the border of a web, the edge. Burns, 596.
O.N. _rond_, rim, border, Dan. _rand_, a line, seam, the
border, Norse _rand_, _rond_, a streak, seam, edge, border.
Cp. Cu. _randit_, streaked, Norse _randet_, id.

RUNSIK, _vb._ to ransack. Wallace, VII, 120. O.N. _rannsaka_, to
search a house, Norse _ransaka_, from _ran_, house, and
_saka_, _soeka_, seek. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.

RUSARE, _sb_, a flatterer. R.R., 3356. See _ruse_.

RUSE, ROOSE, RUSS (r[-u]s), _vb._ to praise, to boast, pride
oneself. Douglas, II, 57, 8; Rolland, I, 389; R.R., 2823. O.N.
_rosa_, older _hrosa_, to praise, Norse _rosa_, Dan. _rose_,
Sw. _rosa_, M.E. (_h_)_rosen_, Lincolnshire _rose_, _reouse_,
Cu. _roose_.

RUSE, _sb._ praise, a boast. Dunbar, T. M.W., 431; Sat. P., 12, 17.
O.N. _hros_, praise, Norse, Dan. _ros_.


SAIKLESS, _adj._ innocent. Lyndsay, 545, 4563. O.N. _saklauss_, O.E.
_sacl[-e]as_. The O.E. word is a loan-word from O. Nh. See
Steenstrup, 210-211. In modern Eng. dial. the form is
generally _sackless_.

SAIKLESSNESS, _sb._ innocence, innocency. Psalms, XXVI, 6, 11;
LXXIII, 13. See _saikless_.

SAIT, _sb._ session, court. Dunbar, 79, 41. O.N. _s['ae]ti_, seat,
sitting, Norse _saete_, id. See Skeat under _seat_.

SAUCHT, _adj._ reconciled, also at ease, undisturbed, tranquil.
Bruce, N, 300; Douglas, II, 91, 22. O.E. _saht_, borrowed from
O.N. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 934. For discussion of O.E.
_seht_ and _sehtian_ see Steenstrup, 181-182. In Howlate, III,
16, _sacht_ vb. pret., made peace.

SAY, _sb._ a milk-pail, also tub. Jamieson, Dumfries. O.N. _sar_,
a large cask, Norse _saa_, a pail, a water-bucket, a wooden
tub, Dan. _saa_, _vandsaa_, waterpail, Sw. _sa_, id.

SCAIT, _sb._ the skate fish. Dunbar, 261, 9. O.N. _skata_, Norse
_skata_, the skate, M.E. _scate_. Ir. _scat_, _sgat_, id., is
a loan-word from O.N. (Cp. Craigie, p. 163). O.N. _sk_ becomes
quite regularly _sg_ in Ir. and Gael. Cp. also _sgeir_ <
_skar_. Cu. _skeatt_ exhibits regular i-fracture from older
_a_.

SCAITH, SCATH, _vb._ to injure. Bruce, IV, 363; XII, 392; R. R.,
1323. Not from O. Nhb. _sceethetha_, but from O.N. _skaetha_, Norse
_skade_, with which the vowel corresponds.

SCAR, _sb._ a precipitous bank of earth, a bare place on the side of
a steep hill, a cliff. Ramsay, II, 205; Burns, 10, 11. Also
written _skard_, _scair_, _scaur_. O.N. _sker_, a skerry, an
isolated rock in the sea. Norse _skjaer_, a projecting cliff,
a bank of rocky ground, Dan. _skjaer_, _skaer_, a rock in the
water near the land, Sw. _skaer_, M.E. _sker_, _scerre_. Cp.
Cu. _skerr_, a precipice. The fundamental idea is "something
cut apart, standing by itself." Root the same as in the Norse
_skera_, to cut, Eng. _shear_ and _shore_, sea-_shore._ Cp.
the O.E. vb. _scorian_ cited by Sweet.

SCARTH, _sb._ the cormorant. Dunbar, T.M.W., 92; F., 194; Douglas,
I, 46, 15. O.N. _skarfr_, Norse _skarv_, cormorant. Shetland,
_scarf_.

SCHOIR, _sb._ a threat, menace. Bruce, VI, 621; Gol. and Gaw., 103.
B-S. derive from O. Sw. _skorra_, O.N. _skera_.

SCOL, _vb._ to wish one health, an expression used in drinking, just
as the Norse _skaal_ is used. Montg. S., 69, 13. O.N. _skal_,
Norse _skaal_, a drinking cup. Cp. Sco. _skull_, a goblet.
Ir.-Gael. _scala_, _sgaile_, a beaker, is a Norse loan-word
(Craigie).

SCOUG, scog, _vb._ to shelter. M.W., 20, 19; Isaiah, XVIII, 6. O.N.
_skuggi_, shade, Norse _skugge_, to shade, Sw. _skugga_, sb.,
Dan. _skygge_, to shade. Spelled _scug_ also in Sco.

SCRATCH, _sb._ an hermaphrodite. Jamieson. O.N. _skratti_, a
monster. This form exists in Yorkshire, otherwise the form in
Eng. dial. is _scrat_. See Wall.

SCRIP, a coarse or obscene gesture. Wallace, VI, 143. Probably from
O.N. _skripi_. Cp. _skripatal_, scurrilous language,
_skripalaeti_, buffoonery, scurrilous gestures. With the Sco.
word cp. the Norse _skripa_, vb., _skripa_, sb. f., and Ic.
_skripr_, sb. m. See Aasen.

SCUD, _vb._ to hurry away, hasten on. Burns, 55, 1, 4. Eng. _scud_
Skeat derives from Dan. _skyde_, Sw. _skutta_. The Sw. form is
nearest, the Dan. form shows umlaut. The corresponding O.E.
word is _sc[-e]otan_.

SCUDLER, a male kitchen servant. Wallace, 5, 10, 27. Cp. O.N.
_skutilsvaeinn_, a page at a royal table. _Skutil_ is the same
as O.E. _scutel_, a dish, a trencher. In O.N. it means also
"a small table." The unpalatalized _sc_, as well as the usage,
would indicate that the word is a loan-word.

SEIR, SER, _adj._ various, separate. Rolland, Prol., 295; R.R., 990;
"Freires of Berwick," 321. O.N. _ser_, for oneself,
separately. Originally the dative of the refl. pron., but used
very frequently as an adverb.

SEMELEY, _adv._ proper, looking properly. Wallace, I, 191; Wyntoun,
IX, 26, 53. _Seimly_, _semely-farrand_, good-looking,
handsome, also means "in proper condition." Redundant, since
_semely_ and _farrand_ in Sco. mean the same. O.N. _saemiligr_.
See Skeat.

SHACKLET, _adj._ crooked, distorted. Burns, 322, I, 7. O.N.
_skakkr_, skew, wry, distorted, _skakki-fotr_, wry leg, Norse
_skakk_, crooked, so Sw. dial. _skak_, Dan. _skak_, slanting.
The palatal _sh_ is unusual, but cp. _dash_ from _daska_.
Norse words generally preserve _sk_ in all positions, genuine
Eng. words do not. See Part I, 12 and 13.

SHIEL, _sb._ shelter, protection. Burns, 226, 119, 3. O.N, _skjol_,
shelter, cover, refuge, Norse _skjul_, _skjol_, pron. _shul_,
_shol_, Dan. _skjul_, id., _skjule_, to conceal. _Shielin_,
sb. shelter, may be formed from the vb.

SHORE, _vb._ to threaten. Ramsay, I, 261. Origin rather doubtful.
Has been considered Scand. See _schoir_.

SIT (s[-i]t), _vb._ to grieve. Wallace, I, 438. O.N. _syta_, Norse
_syta_, to care. See _syte_, sb.

SITEFULL, _adj._ sorrowful, distressing. Douglas, I, 40, 19. Cp.
Norse _suteful_. See _syte_, sb.

SKAIL, SKALE, SCALE, _vb._ to scatter, disperse, dismiss, part,
leave. A very common word. O.N. _skilja_, separate, O. Dan.
_skiliae_, Norse, _skilja_, Dan. _skille_, Sw. dial. _skila_.
The long vowel is unusual. Cp. _skeely_ in N. Sco. from O.N.
_skilinn_. The same change of _i_ to an e-vowel is observed in
_gleit_ and _quey_.

SKAIL, _sb._ a storm, a strong wind that "skails." Isaiah, XXVIII,
2. See _skail_, vb.

SKATH, SKAITH, SCAITH, _sb._ harm, misery. O.N. _skaethi_, harm,
damage, Norse _skade_, id., Dan. _skade_, O.E. _sceaetha_.

SKANT, _sb._ want, poverty. Burns, 290, I, 3. O.N. _skammt_. See
Skeat. Cp. _skerum skamti_, in short measure.

SKANTLIN, _sb._ little. Burns, 5, 5, 7. As adv. generally
_skantlins_, _scantlings_, scarcely. O.N. _skamt_.

SKANTLY, _adv._ with difficulty, hardly. C.S., 69. See _skant_.

SKAR, _sb._ a scarecrow, a fright. Lyndsay, 437, 1633. From vb.
_skar_, to frighten, Eng. _scare_, M.E. _skerren_. O.N.
_skirra_. See Skeat.

SKEIGH, _adj._ originally meant timid, then very frequently, dainty,
nice, finally, proud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357. Burns, 193, 46, I.
Norse _sky_, Dan. _sky_, adj. and also vb. _sky_, to avoid.
B-S. compares Sw. _skygg_ also, which is the same word, but
the vowel is long. The Sco. word, furthermore, seems to
suggest an older diphthong. It could, however, not be O.E.
_sceah_, which gave M.E. _scheah_ and should have become
_schee_ in N. Sco. Doubtful.

SKER, _adj._ timid, easily frightened. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357; Lyndsay,
227, 126. O.N. _skjarr_, shy, timid, Sw. dial. _skar_, M.E.
_scer_, Cu. _scar_, wild.

SKEWYT, _vb. pret._ turned obliquely. Wallace, IX, 148. O.N.
_skaeifr_, O. Ic. _skeifr_, oblique, Norse _skaeiv_, _skjaiv_,
crooked, Dan. _skjaev_. The Dan word exhibits monophthongation
of _aei_ to _ae_ (not to _e_, _i_, as in _sten_).

SKILL, _sb._ motive, reason. Gol. and Gaw., 147; Bruce, I, 214, 7.
See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz. In Dunbar, 307, 63, "did nane
skill," did not do a wise thing.

SKOG, SCOUG, _sb._ place of retreat, shelter, protection. Dalr.,
I, 30, 29; Isaiah, XXXII, 2. O.N. _skuggi_, shade, Norse
_skugge_, O. Sw. _skuggi_.

SKOGY, _adj._ shady. Douglas, III, 1, 21, 16. See _scoug_.

SKRECH, SKRIK, _sb._ a scream, yell. C.S., 39; Rolland, IV, 336.
O.N. Norse _skrik_, a cry, a yell, _skrikja_, vb. Dan.
_skrig_. Cu. _skrike_ to scream. Eng. _shriek_ < O.E.
*_scrician_.

SKRYP, _sb._ bag. Dunbar, F., 509. O.N. _skreppa_, a bag, Norse
_skreppa_, Dan. _skreppe_, Sw. _skraeppa_, id.

SKUGG, _sb._ a shadow. Dunbar, III, 24, 12. O.N. _skuggi_. See
_skog_. Cp. _skog_, vb. to hide. Isaiah, XXVIII, 15.

SKYLE, _vb._ to hide, cover. Jamieson, quotation from Henryson. O.N.
_skjula_, O. Ic. _skjola_, to screen, shelter, Norse _skjula_,
Dan. _skjul_, Sw. _skyla_, Fer. _sk[~y]la_, Shetland _skail_,
_skol_, cover, protect. Our word corresponds most closely to
the Fer. word. Both are developed out of O.N. _skjula_. Cp.
O.N. _mjukr_ > _meek_, in standard Eng. Norse _skjula_ has
preserved the original unumlauted vowel. The O.N. word was
pronounced _sk-iula_ or _sk-jula_. Cp. _skjenka_, which is
N. Norse dial. _sheinka_. From _skj_ developed _sh_ in
_shielin_.

SKYRIN, _adj._ shining, conspicuous because of brightness, showy.
Burns, 210, 87, 3. O.N. _skirr_, clear, bright, _skira_, to
make clear, _skyra_, to purify. (Cp. Norse _skjerr-torsdag_,
O.N. _skiriþorsdagr_, Maundy Thursday.) O.E. _scir_ > N. Eng.
_sheer_.

SLAIK, _vb._ to smooth, to lick. L.L., 457, 2173. O.N. _slaeikja_, to
lick, Norse _sleikja_, Dan. _slikke_, O. Sw. _slekia_, Sw.
dial. _slaekja_. The Eng. word _slick_, with a short vowel,
corresponds exactly to the Dan. word, but may be native. Cp.
M.L.G. _slicken_. _Slikke_ in Dan. may be a loan-word from
L.G. The Sco. _slaik_ corresponds in every way to the O.N.,
and is certainly a loan-word proved by quality and quantity of
vowel.

SLAK, _sb._ a pit, a hollow in the ground, hollow place. Bruce, XIV,
536; R.R., 769. O.N. _slakki_, a slope, Norse _slakke_, Dan.
_slank_. Exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of _nk_ to _kk_. Cu.
_slack_, a shallow dell (Dickinson), Kent, _slank_.

SLE, _adj._ experienced, skillful. Bruce, XVI, 355; XVII, 44. O.N.
_slaegr_, O. Ic. _slaegr_, Eng. _sly_. See Skeat.

SLEEK, _adj._ neat, prancing, said of a horse. Burns, 7, 1, 1. O.N.
_slikr_, smooth. _Sleikit_, smooth, Dunbar, 567, 38; Burns,
117, 114. See Skeat, under _sleek_, _slick_.

SLEUTH, _sb._ track. Bruce, VII, 1 and 44. O.N. _sloeth_, track,
trail. Cp. Norse _slod_, _slode_.

SLOKE, _vb._ to quench. Isaiah, I, 2, 3; and 49, 26. O.N. _sloekva_,
to quench. O. Ic. _slaekva_, Norse _sloekka_, id. The word does
not show the Scand. umlaut _o_ > _oe_. Cu. _sleck_ has further
developed the umlaut _oe_ to _e_. Cp. O. Ic. _ae_ < O. Nh. _ae_.
All such words in Norse exhibit the intermediate stage _oe_ up
to the present time. In Ic. the _oe_ developed to _ae_, in the
first half of the 13th century. (See Noreen P.G.(2)I, 529.)
In later O. Nhb. also _ae_ > _e_.

SLOKEN, SLOKYN, _vb._ to quench, to satisfy. Dunbar, T.M.W., 283;
K.Q., 42; M.W., 116, 35. O.N. _slokna_, Norse _slokna_,
inchoative of _sloekva_. It may, however, be an infinitive in
_en_ from _sloekkva_, see _slock_.

SLOKNING, _sb._ the act of quenching, also the power of quenching.
Douglas, II, 26, heading of Chapter XII; Montg. C. and S.,
1377. Pr. p., see _sloken_. Cp. O.N. _slokning_, Dan.
_slukning_.

SLONK, _sb._ a ditch, a depression in the land, also a slope on the
mountain side. Winyet, II, 19, 5; Wallace, III, 4. Dan.
_slank_, a depression in the land, a hollow, O.N. _slakki_,
Norse _slakke_. The non-assimilation proves E. Scand. source.
Cp. Sw. dial. _slakk_ adj. bending, e.g., "bakken jaer no na
slakk," the hill slopes a great deal, again a W. Scand. form
in Sw. dial. The word is probably related to Eng. _slack_,
loose, lax, Dan. _slak_, Norse _sl[-a]k_.

SLUT, _sb._ a slattern, an untidy woman. Dunbar, 119, 71. O.N.,
O. Ic. _sloettr_. See Skeat.

SMAIK, _sb._ a coward. Sat. P., 39, 175; Lyndsay, 425, 1320, and
434, 1562. O.N. _smoeykr_, adj. timid, M.L.G. _smeker_ means
"a flatterer," besides the vowel, as well as the final _r_ of
the L.G. word, is against a L.G. origin of the Sco. word. The
Sco. _ai_ indicates an original diphthong. Cp. Cu. _smaik_
applied to a small boy, or any small being.

SNAPE-DIKE, _sb._ an enclosure. Jamieson, Ayr. Cp. O.N. _snap_,
a pasture for cattle, especially a winter pasture (Haldorson),
_snapa_, vb. to nibble, M.E. _snaipen_. The vowel in the Sco.
word proves an original open _a_, hence it is from the vb.
_snapa_. O.N. _snap_, sb. would have given _sn[)a]p_. Our word
is _sn[-e]p._

SNIB, SNEB, _vb._ to snub, check, reprove. Sat., P., 33, 18; L.L.,
3387. Dan. _snibbe_, M.E. _snibben_. Eng. _snub_ and M.E.
_snubben_ correspond to O.N. _snubba_ with original unumlauted
vowel.

SNITE, _vb._ to blow the nose, to snuff a candle. Jamieson. O.N.
_snyta_, Norse _snyta_, used exactly the same way, Dan.
_snyde_. Sw. _snute_ and M.L.G. _snuten_ have unumlauted vowel
which would have given _snoot_, _snowt_, or _snoit_ in Sco.

SOCK, _vb._ to examine, investigate. Fergusson, 169. Probably from
O.N. _saekja_, to seek, Norse _soeka_, _soekja_, Dan. _soege_
since O. Nhb. _saeca_ later became _s[-e]ca_ and developed as
W.S. _secan._

SOLANDE, _sb._ a soland goose. Dalr., I, 25, 1. O.N. _sula_ + _n_
(Skeat). The _d_ is epenthetic. The _n_ is the post-positive
definite article, a peculiarly Scand. characteristic.

SOP, _sb._ a round, compact body. Bruce, III, 47. O.N. _soppr_,
a ball (Skeat), Norse _sopp_, id. Cp. Cu. _sop_, "a milk-
maid's cushion for the head."

SOUM, _sb._ The rope or chain a plow is drawn by. Dunbar, III, 126,
21. O.N. _saumr_, a seam, trace. In Bruce, X, 180, _hede-
soyme_, sb. the trace.

SOYM, _sb._ trace of a cart. Bruce, X, 233. From O.N. _saumr_,
a seam (Skeat), Norse _saum_, Dan. _soem_. For _oy_ in place of
_ou_, as we should expect, cp. _gowk_ and _goilk_, _lowp_ and
_loip_, etc., and the Norse _laupa_ and _loipa_.

SPAE, SPA, _vb._ to prophesy. Douglas, II, 142, 2; II, 2; Burns, 37,
2, 2. O.N. _spa_, to prophesy, Norse _spaa_, Dan. _spaa_, id.
Cp. _spaamand_, _spaafolk_, and Sco. _spaeman_, _spaefolk_,
_spaewife_.

SPAY, SPE, _sb._ prophecy, omen, augury. Dalr., II, 5, 8; Isaiah,
XLVII, 12. O.N. _spa_, a prophecy. _V[o,]luspa_, the vala's
prophecy, M.E. _spa_.

SPAEQUEAN, _sb._ fortune teller, spaewife. Isaiah, XLVII. O.N.
_spakona_, a woman who spaes. The compound may, however,
be Sco.

SPALE, _sb._ lath, chip, splinter. R.R., 1979; Burns, 132, 114.
Norse _spela_, _spila_, _speil_, a splinter, a chip, also
_spol_. O.N. _spoelr_, a rail, bar, lattice work, sometimes
means "a short piece of anything." Cu. _speal_. The O.E. word
is _speld._ Cp. Fr. _espalier_.

SPENN, _vb._ to button, to lace. Jamieson. O.N. _spenna_, to clasp.
Norse _spenna_, lace, _spenne_ sb. a buckle, Dan. _spaende_,
Sw. _spaenne_, to lace. The O.E. word is _spannan_, without
umlaut. The meaning as well as the form of the Sco. word is
Scand.

SPRACK, _adj._ lively, animated. Jamieson. O.N. _spr['ae]kr_, quick,
strong, sprightly, Norse _spraek_, spry, nimble, Dan. _spraek_,
M.E. _sprac_. This is one of a few undoubted Scand. words
found in South Eng. diall.

SPIL, _sb._ a stake. Douglas, III, 250, 16. O.N. *_spilr_, variant
of _spoelr_. Cp. Norse _spil_, in the diall. of Western Norway.
See _spale_.

SPRATTLE, _vb._ to walk through mud, to scramble through wet and
muddy places as the result of which one's clothes become
soiled. Burns, 10, 11, 3; also 68, 1, 3. O.N. _spretta_, Norse
_spretta_ to spurt, sputter, splash, Sw. _spritte_. On
assimilation of _nt_, cp. _sprent_. The _l_ is frequentative.
Exhibits characteristic Sco. change of _e_ to _a_ before t.
Cp. _wat_ for _wet_, _swat_ for _sweat_.

SPRENT, _vb._ to start, spring. Wallace, N, 23. O. Dan. _sprenta_,
spurt out, spring, start, O.N. _spretta_, Norse _spretta_,
shoot forth, spurt. In Cu. a pen is said to _sprent_ when it
scatters the ink over the paper. So in Norse. The Sco. word
agrees more closely in meaning with the Norse than with the
Dan. but exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation of _nt_ to _tt_
which took place in Norse before 1000. Sw. diall. which
otherwise have many W. Scand. characteristics have both
_sprenta_ and _spritta_. The word _spraette_ also occurs in
later Dan.

SPRENT, _sb._ a spring, as the back spring of a knife. Wallace, IV,
238. See _sprent_, vb.

STAKKER, STACKER, _vb._ to stagger. Brace, II, 42; Gol. and Gaw.,
II, 25. O.N. _stakra_. See B-S. under M.E. _stakerin_. Cp.
Norse _stakra_, to stagger, to fall.

STANG, _vb._ to sting. R.R., 771. O.N. _stanga_, to prick, goad,
also to butt, Norse _stanga_, Dan. _stange_, id., M.E.
_stangen_.

STAPP, _vb._ to put into, to stuff, fill. Dunbar, T.M.W., 99; Montg.
C. and S., 1552; Isaiah, VI, 6; M.W. 21, 12. O.N. _stappa_, to
stamp down, Norse _stappa_, to stuff, fill, same as O.E.
_stempan_, Eng. _stamp_, Dan. _stampe_. The assimilated form
_stampa_ occurs in Norse beside _stappa_. The usage in Sco. is
distinctively Norse and the vowel is the Norse vowel. Not the
same as Eng. _stop_, O.E. (_for_)_stoppian_ in Leechdoms. With
the last cp. Dan. _stoppe_ used just like Eng. _stop_.

STARN, _sb._ the helm of a vessel. Dunbar, F., 450. O.N. _stjorn_,
steerage, helm, Norse _stjorn_, vb. _stjorna_, to steer,
cognate with Eng. _steer_, O.E. _styrian_. For a similar
difference between the Eng. and the Norse word cp. Eng. _star_
and Norse _stjerne_.

STARR, _sb._ sedge, heavy coarse grass. Jamieson. See Wall under
_star_.

STERN, STARN, _sb._ star. C.S., 48; Dunbar, G.T. 1; Lindsay, 239,
492. O.N. _stjarna_, Dan. _stjerne_, star, Norse _stjerna_.

STERT, _vb._ to start, rush. Poet. R., 109, 8. O.N. _sterta_. For
discussion of this word see Skeat.

STOOP, _sb._ See _roop_.

STORKYN, _vb._ to become rigid, stiffen. Dunbar, 248, 48. Norse
_storkna_, coagulate, become rigid. See Wall under _storken_.

STOT, _sb._ a young bull, bullock. Montg., C. and S., 1099; A.P.B.
1, 306; Burns, 231, 129, 4. Stratmann derives M.E. _stot_,
"buculus," from Sw. _stut_; and _stot_, "caballus," from O.E.
_stotte_. O.N. _stutr_ is rather the source of the former.
Norse _stut_, Dan. _stud_.

STOUR, _sb._ a pole. Douglas, III, 248, 27. O.N. _staur_, a pole,
a stake, Norse _staur_, Sw. _stoer_, Dan. and Dano-Norse
_stoer_. See the quotation under _pocknet_.

STOWIT, _pt. p._ cutoff, cropped. Douglas, III, 42, 3. O.N. _stufa_,
a stump, _styfa_, to cut off, Dan. _stuve_, Sw. _stuf_,
a piece left after the rest has been cut away, _styva_, to
crop, O. Sw., Sw. dial. _styva_, _stuva_, id. An O.E.
_styfician_, to root up, occurs once (Leechdoms). See B-T.

STOWP, _sb._ a pitcher, a beaker. Dunbar, 161, 26. O.N. _staup_,
a beaker, a cup, Norse _staup_, id., Dan. _stoeb_, O.E.
_st[-e]ap_, O.H.G. _stouf_.

STRAY, STRAE, STRA, _sb._ straw. O.N. _stra_, Dan., Norse _straa_,
Sw. _stra _, Cu. _strea_.

STROUP, (str[-u]p), _sb._ the spout of a kettle or pump. Burns, 602;
Jamieson. O.N. _strjupi_, the spurting trunk, Norse _strupe_
and _striupe_, the throat, gullet, Dan. _strube_, id., M.E.
_str[-u]pe_, the throat.

STUDIE, _sb._ anvil. Dunbar, 141, 52. The word rhymes with _smidy_.
See _styddy_.

STYDDY, STUDDIE, STUTHY, _sb._ anvil. Douglas, III, 926, 9;
III, 180, 26; Dunbar 141, 52. See also Burns, 502. O.N.
_steethi_, a stithy, an anvil. Norse _sted_. Sw. _staed_.
Exhibits change of eth to _d_ which is a Sco. characteristic,
but does not often take place in Norse words. See, too, Cu.
_stiddy, steady_.

SUMPH, _sb._ a blunt fellow. Burns, 98, 1. Norse _sump_, a bungler,
a simpleton, _sumpa_, vb. to entangle, put into disorder,
_sump_, a disordered mass. Cu. _sumph_. M.L.G. _sump_, and
Dan. _sump_ do not seem to be quite the same.

SWARF, _vb._ originally to turn, then to overturn, fall over, fall.
Burns, 211, 87, 4. O.N. _svarfa_, to turn aside, to be turned
upside down, Sw. _swarfve_, Norse _svarva_, turn, swing about,
Dan. _svarve_ or _svarre_. Eng. _swerve_ does not quite
correspond. O.E. _sweorfan_ meant "to file, polish," O.S.
_swerban_, to wipe off, polish, O.F. _swerva_, to creep.

SWAGE, SWEY, _vb._ sway, waver, also turn, make turn. Sat. P., 5, 8;
Douglas, II, 104, 12. O.N. _svaeigja_, to bend, to sway, Dan.
_sveie_, Sw. dial. _svaeiga_, Norse _sveigja_.

SYTE, _sb._ grief, suffering. Lyndsay, 273, 333. Montg., M.P.,
V, 14. O.N. _syta_, to wail, _syting_, sb., _sut_, grief,
affliction, Norse _sut_, care, _syta_, to care. Skeat cites
_sut_ (in list) which would exactly correspond to the O.N. sb.
Brate accepts an O.N. sb. _syt_.


TAIT, _adj._ foul. Montg., F., 755. O.N. _taeth_. The change of _eth_ to
_t_ is unusual. See Wall.

TANGLE, _sb._ seaweed, stalk of a seaweed. Dalr., I, 62, 1; Burns,
91, 2, 2. O.N. _þoengul_, tangle, seaweed. Cp. _þoenglabakki_,
Tangle-hill, name of a place in Iceland. In Norse _tangel_
same as Eng. _tangle_, _entangle_.

TANGLING, _pr. p._, _adj._ clinging, intertwining. Burns, 60, 3,
tangling roots, clinging together in tangles. See _tangle_.

TARN, _sb._ a small lake. Jamieson. O.N. _tjoern_, a small lake,
Norse _tjoenn_, _tjoern_, Sw. _tjaern_, M.E. _terne_, a lake.
Particularly Sco. and N.W. Eng. Cp. Shetland _shon_, _shoden_,
a pool, a little lake. The last example exhibits W.Norse
change of _rn_ to _dn_. The form _tjoedn_ occurs in Sogn,
Norway.

TATH, _sb._ Jamieson. O.N. _taeth_. See Wall.

TEAL, TILL, _vb._ to entice. Wallace, VI, 151, and Jamieson. O.N.
_taela_, to entice, related to Norse _telja_. Sco. _tealer_,
_sb._ Jamieson. The form in _i_ is strange.

TEYND, TEIND, _sb_, tithe. C.S., 123; Lyndsay, 152, 4690; Rolland,
I, 546. O.N. _tiund_, the tenth, the tithe, Norse _tiende_,
Dan. _tiende_, the regular ordinal of _ti_.

THA, _dem. pron._ these, those. Same form in all cases. Wallace, X,
41; Wyntoun, I, 1, 6. O.N. _þeir_.

THECK, _vb._ to thatch. Ramsay, II, 224. Has been taken as a loan-
word from O.N. _þekja_, to thatch, Norse _tekka_, Sw. _taecka_.
Cp. O.E. _þeccan. Theck_ probably comes from O. Nhb. _þecca._

THIR, _dem. pron._ these, those. Bruce, I, 76; Dunbar, G.T., 127;
Lyndsay, 4, 20, 1175; R.R., 108. O.N. _þeir._ Cp. M.E. _þir_,
_þer_, those, Cu. _thur_.

THRA, _adj._ eager. Bruce, XVIII, 71. O.N. _þrar_, obstinate,
persistent, Norse _traa_, untiring, also wilful, Sw. dial.
_tra_, M.E. _þra_, bold, strong, _thraly_, adv. Wyntoun, II,
8, 55; VII, 8, 186. See Wall. Skeat cites Eng. dial. _thro_.

THRA, _adv._ boldly. Dunbar, T.M.W., 195. See above, _thra_.

TRAIF, _sb._ two stooks or twenty-four sheaves of grain. Dunbar,
228. O.N. _þrefi_, a number of sheaves, Dan. _trave_, Sw.
_trafwe_, twenty sheaves of grain, M.E. _þr[-a]ve_, a bundle,
a number, Cu. _threve_, _threeav_.

THREAVE, _sb._ a crowd, a large number. Ramsay, II, 463. The same
word as _thraif_, q.v.

THRIST, _vb._ to thrust, push, also means to clasp. Bruce, XIII,
156; R.R. 12, 9; Rolland, IV, 590. O.N. _þrysta_, to thrust,
force, Norse _trysta_, to press together, M.E. _þr[-i]sten,
þr[-y]stan._ Lyndsay also uses the word in the sense of
"to pierce."

THWAITE, _sb._ originally a small piece of cleared land on which
ahouse was built, a cottage with its paddock. O.N. _þvaeit_,
O. Ic. _þveit_. Northwest England _thwaite_, Norse _tveit_,
_tvaeit_, Dan. _tved_. Occurs in a number of place-names in
S. Scotland, especially in Dumfriesshire. Its form is Norse
not Dan. _Thweet_ or _thwet_ would correspond to the Dan.
word, but see also Part III, 1.

TIT, TYT, adv. soon, quickly. Bruce, II, 4; IV, 289. O.N. _titt_,
adv. frequently, in quick succession, "hoeggva hart ok titt."
The Sco. word comes from this O.N. form, which is simply the
neuter inflected form of _tiethr_, adj. meaning "customary,
familiar." The comparative _titter_ often means "rather" in
Sco., like Eng. _sooner_. Cp. Cu. "I'd as tite deat as nut,"
"I'd as lief do it as not."

TITHAND, TITAND, _sb._ news, tidings. Bruce, IV, 468; Lyndsay,
341, 720. O.N. _tiethindi_, news, Norse _tidende_, id., Dan.
_tidende_, Orm. _tiþennde._ Of O.E. _tidung_ > _tidings_
Bosworth says: "the use of the word, even if its form be not
borrowed from Scand., seems to have Scand. influence."

TITLENE, _sb._ the hedge sparrow. C.S., 38. O.N. _titlingr_, a tit,
a sparrow.

TOYM, TUME, _sb._ leisure. Bruce, V, 64, 2, XVII, 735. O.N. _tom_,
leisure (Skeat).

TRAIST, _vb._ to trust. Bruce, I, 125; XVII, 273; Rolland, I, 27.
_Trast_, _adj._ secure, _traist_, _sb._ confidence. Lindsay,
229, 195. _Traisting_, _sb._ confidence, reliance, L.L., 25.
Cp. O.N. _troeysta_, _adj._ _traustr_, and Eng. _trust_, M.E.
_trusten_. I do not at present understand the relation between
the forms in _e_, and these in _u_ and _ou_.

TRIG, _adj._ trim, neat, handsome. M.W., 159, 26. O.N. _tryggr_,
true, trusty, unconcerned, _trygging_, security, O. Dan.
_trygd_, _trugd_, confidence (Schlyter), Norse _trygg_,
secure, unconcerned, confident, _tryggja_, to consider secure,
_tryggja sek_, feel secure, Dan. _tryg_, fearless, confident.
Cp. Cu. _trig_, tight, well-fitted, "trig as an apple." The
M.E. _trig_ means faithful, see B-S. Ramsay, II, 526, uses the
adv. _trigly_ in the sense of "proudly."

TWIST, _sb._ twig, branch. Bruce, VII, 188; Montg., C. and S.,
Irving, 468. O.N. _kvistr_, a twig, O. Dan., _quist_, Norse,
Dan. _kvist_, Sw. _quist_, id. For the change of _kv_ (_kw_)
to _tw_ cp. Norse, Dan. _kviddre_, Sw. _quittra_, Du.
_kwittern_ with Eng. _twitter_, and _kj_ to _tj_ in W.Norse.
A regular change.