_gjengjaeld_. _Gen_ is the same as the _gegn_ in _gegna_, to
suit, _-[*g]eld_ can be either Scand. or Eng. The palatal _g_
is also Scand. in this word. The compound _gen[*g]eld_ is
Scand. In Sco. also spelled _gan[*g]eld_, _gayn[*g]eild_.

GER, GAR, _vb._ to make, cause, force. O.N. _gera_ (Cl. and V.).
O. Dan. _goerae_, Sw. _goera_, Norse _gjera_, to do, to make.
O. Nh. _goerva_. _Gar_ is the modern form which exhibits
regular Sco. change of _er_ to _ar_. Cp. _serk_, _sark_;
_werk_, _wark_.

GESTNYNG, _sb._ hospitality. Douglas, III, 315, 8. O.N. _gistning_,
a passing the night as a guest at a place, _gista_, vb. to
spend the night with one, _gestr_, guest. O. Dan. _gaestning_,
O. Sw. _gaestning_, _gistning_.

GLETE, GLEIT, _vb._ to glitter. Douglas, I, 33; II, 88, 16; Montg.
C. and S., 1288; Dunbar, G.T., 66. O.N. _glita_, to glitter,
Dan. _glitte_. Cp. Shetland _glid_, a glittering object. O.E.
_glitnian_ > M.E. _glitenien_, as O.E. _glisnian_ > M.E.
_glistnian_, N. Eng. _glisten_. The M.E. _glitenian_ (N.Eng.
*_glitten_) was replaced by the Scand. _glitter_.

GLEIT, _sb._ literally "anything shining," used in Palace of Honour,
II, 8, for polish of speech. See the vb.

GLEY, _sb._ a look, glance, stare. Mansie Wauch, 85, 10; 117, 37.
See Wall, _gley_, to squint, B-S. _glien_. Cp. Sw. dial.
_glia_.

GLEG, _adj._ sharp. See Wall, deriv. _glegly_, quickly.

GLITTERIT, _adj._ full of glitter. Dunbar, T.M.W., 30. See _glitter_
in Skeat.

GOWK, _sb._ a fool. O.N. _gaukr_, Norse _gaeuk_, O. Sw. _goeker_, Dan.
_gjoeg_. In Sco. very frequently spelled _goilk_, _golk_. Cu.
_April-gowk_, April fool.

GOWL, _vb._ to scream, yell. O.N. _gaula_, Norse _gaeula_, to yell,
to scream. Shetland _gjol_, _gol_, to howl, seems to be the
same word, but the palatal before _o_ is strange. Cp. Sco.
_gowle_.

GOWLYNGE, _sb._ screaming, howling. R.R. 823, pr. p. of _gowl_.
Cp. O.N. _gaulan_, Norse _gaeuling_, sb. screaming.

GRAIP, _sb._ a dung-fork. Burns, 38, 1, 2. Johnnie Gibb, 102, 18;
214, 21. Norse _graeip_, id., Dan. _greb_, a three-pronged
fork.

GRAITH, _adj._ ready, direct. Bruce, IV, 759; Wallace, V, 76. O.N.
_graeiethr_, ready, Norse _greid_, simple, clear, ready. Deriv.
_graithly_, directly, Gol. and Gau. 54. Cp. Yorkshire
_graidly_, proper.

GRAITH, _vb._ make ready, dress, furnish, equip. C.S., 39; R.R.,
424; Psalms XVIII, 32. O.N. _graeietha_, to disentangle, set in
order, make ready. Norse _greide_, to dress (the hair). Cu.
_graitht_, dressed.

GRANE, _sb._ twig, branch. Douglas, II, 10, 27; Dunbar, 76. O.N.
_graein_, Norse _grein_, Dan. _gren_, O. Sw. _gren_, branch.
The Dan. and Sw. forms show monophthongation. The Sco. word
agrees best with the Norse.

GRANIT, _adj._ forked. Douglas, II, 133, 4. O.N. _graeina_, to
branch, divide into branches, separate. Norse _graeina_, Sw.,
Dan. _grena_, id., O. Sw. _grenadh_, adj. forked, Cu.
_grainet_.

GRAYTH, GRAITH, _sb._ equipment, possessions. Dunbar, 229; Lyndsay,
154, 4753; Burns, 23, 18. O.N. _graeietha_, means "tools,
possessions," originally "order." Cp. the vb. In Douglas,
III, 3, 25, _graith_ means "preparation."

GRAITHLY, _adv._ directly, speedily. Bruce, XIX, 708; X, 205. O.N.
_graeiethliga_, readily, promptly.

GRITH, _sb._ peace, truce. Wallace, X, 884. O.N., O. Dan. _grieth_,
truce, protection, peace. O. Sw. _grieth_, _grueth_. Occurs very
often in the parts of the A-S. Chronicle dealing with the wars
with the Danes, for the first time in 1002. "_Frieth and grieth_,"
meant "truce," or "peace and protection." See Steenstrup's
discussion of these words, pp. 245-250.

GROUF, on growfe, _adj._ prone, on one's face. Douglas, IV, 20, 24;
Dunbar, 136, 12. O.N. _a grufu_, grovelling. Norse _aa gruva_,
id., O. Sw. _a gruvo_. Sw. diall. _gruva, a gruv_, Dan. _paa
gru_.

GRYS, GRYCE, _sb._ a pig. Douglas, II, 143, 14; Lyndsay, 218, 300;
Montg., F., 88. O.N. _griss_, a young pig, swine, O. Dan.
_gris_, Norse _gris_.

GUKK, _vb._ to act the fool. Dunbar, F., 497. Probably to be derived
from _gowk_, sb. a fool. It cannot very well come from _geck_,
to jest, the vowels do not correspond. In Poet. R., 108, 5,
_gukit_ means "foolish, giddy."

GYLL, _sb._ cleft, glen, ravine. Douglas, III, 148, 2; Sat. P., 12,
71. O.N. _gil_, a narrow glen with a stream at the bottom,
Norse _gil_, _gyl_, a mountain ravine. Cp. Cu. _gill_,
_ghyll_.

GYLMYR, _sb._ a ewe in her second year. C.S., 66. O.N. _gymbr_,
a ewe lamb a year old, also _gymbr-lamb_, Norse _gymber_,
Dan. _gimber_, M.E. _gimbir_, _gimbyr_, Cu. _gimmer_. In
northwestern England and Scotland assimilation of _mb_ to
_mm_ took place. Our word has excrescent _l_, cp. _chalmer_,
not uncommon.

GYRTH, _sb._ a sanctuary, protection. Bruce, IV, 47; II, 44; C.S.,
115. O.N. _grieth_, a sanctuary, a truce. O. Sw. _grieth_, _grueth_,
M.Norse _gred_, protection. Cu. _gurth_, cp. _grith_.

GYRTH _sb._ a hoop for a barrel, the barrel. R.R., 27, 81. O.N.
_gjoereth_, a girdle, a hoop, Dan. _gjord_, Norse _gjord_,
_gjaar_, _gjoir_, hoop, girdle, O.E. form _gyrd_. Cp. O.N.
_giretha_, to gird, and _girethi_, wood for making hoops.

GYRTHYN, _sb._ saddle-strap, saddle-band. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 64.
O.N. _gjoereth_. See Skeat, _girth_. Our word is not nominative
pl. as the editor of Wyntoun takes it, but is the singular
originally pr. p. of _girth_, to gird, to strap. In Poet. R.
113, occurs the form _girthing_. Cp. Cu. _girting_,
_girtings_.


HAILSE, _vb._ to greet, salute. Bruce, II, 153; C.S., 141. O.N.
_helsa_, older _haeilsa_, to hailsay one, to greet, O. Sw.
_helsa_, Dan. _hilse_, Norse _helsa_, id., M.E. _hailsen_.
This word is entirely different from O.E. _healsian_, which is
_heals_ + _ian_ and meant "beseech, implore," literally
"embrace." The form of this was _halsian_ in O. Nhb., from
which Sco. _hawse_, to embrace.

HAILSING, HALSING, _sb._ a salute, greeting. Douglas, II, 243, 31;
Dunbar "Freires of Berwick" 57; Rosw. and Lill. 589. O.N.,
O. Sw., Norse _helsa_, see above; Norse _helsing_, Dan.
_hilsning_, a greeting. _Hailsing_ formed direct from the vb.
_hailse_.

HAINE, _vb._ to protect, save. Fergusson, 171; Psalms LXXVIII, 50;
LXXX, 19; _we're hain'd_, we are saved. O.N. _hegna_, to hedge
in, protect, _hegnaethr_, defence, Norse _hegna_, Dan. _hegne_,
O. Sw. _haeghna_, to hedge in for the sake of protecting. Cu.
_hain_.

HAINED, _pp. adj._ sheltered, secluded, cp. _a hained rig_, Burns,
8, 1. In modern usage very frequently means "saved up,
hoarded," so _hained gear_, hoarded money. See _haine_ above.

HAININ' TOWER, _sb._ fortress. Psalms XVIII, 2; XXXI, 2; LXII, 7.
See _hain_.

HALING (h[-e]ling), _pr. p._ pouring down. Douglas, II, 47, 31. O.N.
_hella_, to pour out water, _helling_, sb. pouring. See Wall
under _hell_. We should expect a short vowel as generally in
Eng. diall. The form _hale_, however, occurs in Yorkshire too.
Both are from O.N. _hella_. There is no Scand. or L.G. word
with original _a_ to explain _hale_, but cp. the two words
_dwell_ and _wail_, to choose. _Dwell_ from O.N. _dvelja_,
preserves both quality and quantity of the original vowel. The
Sco. form is, however, _dwall_. Here the vowel has been opened
according to Sco. tendency of changing _e_ to _a_ before
liquids, cp. _felag_ > _falow_, also frequently before other
consonants. Cp. the same tendency in certain dialects in
America, so _t[)a]ll_ or even _t[-ae]l_ for _tell, b[)a]ll_ for
_bell_, _w[)a]ll_ for _well_, etc. If _e_ before _l_ in
_hell_, to pour, was changed to _a_, as _e_ in _dwell_, and
later lengthened, we would have the form _h[-ae]l_ out of which
_hale_ would be regularly developed, and so a double
development from the same word, _hell_ and _hale_. _Wail_, to
choose, might be explained in the same way from O.N. vb.
_velja_. _Well_ would be the regular form, but this is not
found. The O.N. _val_, choice, is, however, sufficient to
explain _wail_.

HAME-SUCKEN, _sb._ the crime of assaulting a person within his own
house. O.N. _haeim-sokn_, O. Dan. _hem-sokn_, an attack on
one's house. O. Sw. _hem-sokn_, O.E. _hamsocn_, E. _ham-socne_.
See Steenstrup, pp. 348-349. The word seems to have come into
Eng. during the time of the Danes in England, though both
elements are Eng. as well as Scand. See Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 933.

HAMMALD, _adj._ domestic. Douglas, II, 26, 7. O.N. _heimoll_,
_heimill_, domestic, O. Sw. _hemoll_, Norse _heimholt_.
Excrescent _d_ after _l_ quite common in Scand. and appears
in Sco. in a few words. See _fald_.

HANK, _sb._ thread as it comes from the measuring reel, a coil of
thread. Burns, 584. See Skeat. Cu. _hankle_, to entangle, is
probably the same word.

HANSEL, _sb._ gift. O.N. _handsal_. Bruce, V, 120, _hansell_ used
ironically means "defeat." See Skeat.

HARN, _sb._ brain. O.N. _hjarni_, brain, O. Dan. _hiaern[e,]_, Norse
_hjarne_, Dan. _hjerne_, O. Sw. _hiaerne, haerne_.

HARSK, _adj._ harsh, cruel. Wyntoun, IX, 1, 27; Douglas, II, 208,
17. O.N. *_harsk_, bitter, as proved by Shetland, _ask_,
_hask_, _hosk_, and Norse _hersk_. Cp. Dan. _harsk_. O. Ic.
_herstr_, bitter, hard, severe, is probably the same word,
_st_ to _sk_. Cp. Cu. _hask weather_, dry weather. Shetland,
_hoski wadder_, dry and windy weather (Jakobson, p. 68). Dan.
dial. _harsk_, bitter, dry. For dropping of _r_, as in the
Shetland form, cp. _kask_, from _karsk_, in "Havelok," cited
in Skeat's list.

HARSKNESS, _sb._ harshness. Dunbar, 104, 19. See _harsk_.

HARTH, _adj._ hard. Dunbar, F., 181; O.N. _harethr_, Norse _har(d)_,
Dan. _haar(d)_, hard.

HAUGH, _sb._ a hill, a knoll. O.N. _haugr_, a hill, Norse _haug_,
Old Gutnic _haugr_, Cu. _howe_. The O. Sw. _hoegher_, O. Dan.
_hoeg_, _hoew_, Dan. _hoei_, Shetland _hjog_, _hoeg_, show later
monophthongation. Cp. M.E. _hou[*g]_, _hogh_.

HAVER-MEAL, _sb._ oat-meal. Burns, 187, 32, 1. Cp. Norse,
_havremjoel_, O.N. _hafrmjoel_, Dan. _havre meel_. The first
element of the compound is used especially in Scand.
settlements in England and is probably due to Scand.
influence. An O.S. _hafore_ exists, but if our word is native,
it ought to be distributed in South Eng. diall. as well. The
second element of the compound may be Eng.

HAYND, _sb._ Douglas, III, 119, 6. See _aynd_.

HEID, _sb._ brightness. Rolland, I, 122. O.N. _haeieth_, brightness of
the sky, _haeieth ok solskin_, brightness and sunshine, _haeietha_,
to brighten, _haeiethbjartr_, serene. Cp. _heieths-ha-rann_, the
high hall of brightness, an O. poetical name for heaven. The
Norse adj. _heid_, bright, like the Sco. word, shows change of
_eth_ to _d_.

HENDIR, _adj._ past, bygone. Bruce, 10, 551. Dunbar's poem, _This
hendir Night_. O.N. _endr_, formerly. Cp. _ender-day_ in
Skeat's list.

HETHING, _sb._ scorn, mockery. Wyntoun, IX, 10, 92; Wallace, V, 739;
Douglas, II, 209, 7. O.N. _h['ae]ething_, sb. scoffing, scorn,
_h['ae]etha_, to scoff, to mock, Norse, _haeding_, scorn, mockery,
O. Sw. _haedha_, _hoedha_.

HING, _vb._ to hang. Lindsay, 527, 4033; Gol. and Gaw., 438; Psalms
LXIX, 6. Same as Cu. _hing_, for which see Wall.

HOOLI, HULIE, _adj._ quiet, slow, leisurely, careful. Dalr., I, 149,
27; A.P.B., 41; Fergusson, 54. O.N., _hogligr_, easy, gentle,
_hogleiki_, meekness, _hoglifi_, a quiet life, _hoglyndr_,
good-natured.

HUGSUM, _adj._ horrible. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 176. See _ug_, to fear.

HUSBAND, _sb._ a small farmer. Bruce, X, 387; VII, 151. O.N. _hus-
bondi_, a house-master. See Skeat. For full discussion of this
word as well as _bonde_, see Steenstrup, 97-100.


ILL, _adj._ evil, wicked. Bruce, III, 10. O.N. _illr_, adj. bad,
Norse _ill_, _idl_, cross, angry, Dan. _ilde_, adv. badly. As
an adv. common in M.E. The adj. use of it more specifically
Sco. as in Norse. See Skeat.

IRKE, _vb._ to weary, to suffer. Dunbar, F., 429; R.R., 456; L.L.,
2709. O.N. _yrkja_, to work, take effect, O. Sw. _yrkja_,
O. Dan. _yrki_ (Schlyter), Sw. _yrke_, to urge, enforce, Norse
_orka_, be able, always used in the sense of "barely being
able to," or, with the negative, "not being able to." Ramsay
uses the word in the sense of "being vexed."

IRKE, _adj._ weary, lazy. Dunbar, 270, 36; R.R., 3570. See _irke_,
vb. _Irkit_, pp. adj. tired, Montg., M.P., 521.

IRKING, _sb._ delay. Winyet, II, 76; I. Deriv. from _irke_, vb.

ITHANDLY, YTHANDLY, YDANLIE, _adv._ busily, assiduously. Dalr., II,
36, 12; R.R., 36, 95. O.N. _iethinn_, busy. See _eident_.


KARPING, CARPING, _sb._ speech, address. Wyntoun, VIII, 18, 85;
VIII, 18, 189; IX, 9, 34. See _carp_.

KEIK, KEK, _vb._ to peep, to pry. O.N. _kikja_, to pry, Norse
_kika_. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word, _i>ei_ as in _gleit_,
_gley_.

KENDLE, KENDILL, KENNLE, _vb._ to kindle. Lyndsay, 161, 4970; Gol.
and Gaw., 1221; Rolland, I, 609. O.N. _kendill, kynda_, M.E.
_kindlen_. See Brate.

KILT, _vb._ to tuck up, O.N. _kelta_, _kjalta_, O. Dan. _kiltae_, the
lap, Dan., Norse _kilte_, to tuck up, O. Sw. _kilta_, sb. For
discussion of this word see Skeat.

KIST, KYST, _sb._ chest, box. O.N. _kista_, Norse, Dan. _kiste_,
a chest. O.E. _cest_ would have given _kest_, or _chest_. See
also Curtis, Sec.392. The tendency in Sco. is to change _i_ to
_e_ before _st_, not _e_ to _i_. Cp. _restit_, _gestning_.

KITTLING, KITTLEN, _sb._ kitten. Burns, 38, 2, 3; Mansie Wauch, 23,
19; 210, 10. O.N. _ketlingr_, diminutive of _ketta_, she-cat,
Norse _kjetling_. Cp. Cu. _kitlin_. The same diminutive
formation appears in Dan. _kylling_, older _kykling_, Norse
_kjukling_, a chicken.

KNUSE, KNOOSE, _vb._ to bruise, to press down with the knees, to
beat, also to knead. Ramsay, I, 236. See Jamieson for
secondary meanings. O.N. _knusa_, to bruise, to beat, Norse
_knusa_, Dan. _knuse_, crush, O. Sw. _knosa_, _knusa_, crush,
press tight, beat. Cp. Goth. _knusian_. O.E. _cnysian_, shows
umlaut.

KOW, _sb._ a fright, terror. Winyet, I, 107, 12. O.N. _kuga_, to
cow. See _cow_, vb.


LACK, _vb._ to belittle, blame, reproach, despise. Mont., M.P., 43,
17; R.R., 3242; 3517; Gau., 17, 25. O.N. _hlakka_, to look
down upon, O. Dan. _lakke_, to slander, O. Sw. _belacka_, id.
See _lak_, sb.

LAICHING, _sb._ sport, play. R.R., 647. From Sco. vb. _laike_, to
play, O.N. _laeika_. See _lak_.

LAIF, LAVE, _sb._ the rest. O.N. _laeif_, a leaving, pl. _laeifar_,
remnants, Norse _leiv_, id., _loyva_, to leave. Cannot come
from O.E. _l[-a]f_. See Sec.20.

LAIGH, _adj._ low. Ramsay, II, 20; Mansie Wauch, 106, 23. Same as
Eng. _low_, from O.N. _lagr_, O. Sw. _lagher_, O. Dan. _lagh,
lag_, low. In Eng., O.N. _ag_ > _[o,]w_ > _ow_. In Scotland
_ag_ > _aw_, did not become _ow_ later. So the regular Sco.
form is _law_, or, with guttural, _lawch_. In _laigh_,
however, _a_ has developed as _a_ would when not before _g_ or
_h_. The form _logh_ also occurs. In Dunbar occur _low_,
_law_, _laich_, and _loigh_.

LAIGH, _vb._ to bend down, to kneel. Psalms XCV, 6. See _laigh_,
adj.

LAIKE, _sb._ the stake for which one plays. Montg., C., I, 109. O.N.
_laeikr_, a play, Norse _leik_, O. Dan. _legh_. Also means play
in Sco., but the transferred meaning is common. It cannot come
from O.E. _l[-a]c_. The _e_-vowel in Cu., Westm., and S.
Scotland proves an original _aei_-diphthong. See Part I, Sec.16.

LAIRET, _adj._ bemired. Psalms LXIX, 2. Norse _laeir_, clay. Dan.
dial. _ler_, O. Sw. _leer_, _ler_, id., Eng. dial. _lair_. See
Wall. Jamieson gives _lair_, vb. to stick in the mire, _lair_,
sb. a bog, _lairy_, adj. boggy.

LAIRING, _sb._ gutter, deep mud. Burns, 10, 11. O.N. _laeir_, clay.
Same as Yorkshire _lyring_, for which see Wall. _Lyring_ seems
to show original E. Scan. monophthongation of _aei_ to _e_.

LAIT, _sb._ manner, trick. R.R., 273, 25, 36. O.N., Ic. _lat_,
manners, _skipta litum ok latum_, change shape and manners.
O. Sw. _lat_, manner, way of proceeding. Cp. O.N. _lata-laeti_,
dissimulation, _latbrageth_, gestures, and Dan. _lade_, to
dissimulate, pretend. Norse _lata_, id. Probably related to
O.N. _lat_.

LAYKING, _sb._ jousting, a tournament. Wyntoun, VIII, 35. See
_laik_.

LAK, _sb._ a plaything. Wallace, VIII, 1410. Norse _leik_, a game,
_leiker_ (pl.), games, toys. Sw. dial. _leika_, a doll, a play
sister. Cp. Cu. _lakin_, a child's toy.

LAK, _sb._ contempt, reproach, disgrace. Rolland, I, 455; Rosw. and
Lill., 784; R.R., 3092. O.N. _lakr_, defective, O. Dan. _lak_,
fault, deficiency. Sw. _lack_, fault, slander. O. Sw.
_lakkare_, a slanderer. Cp. Dan. _lakkeskrift_, a satirical
piece. See _lack_, vb.

LEISTER, _sb._ a three-pronged salmon spear. Burns, 16, 1. Dumfries
and Ayr., any spear for striking or spearing fish with. O.N.
_ljostr_, a salmon spear. Norse _ljoster, ljoster_, Dan.
_lyster_, Sw. _ljuster_, vb. _Ljostra_, vb. in Norse, to spear
fish. Cu. _lister_, _leester_. See also Worsaae, p. 260. Vb.
_leister_ in Sco., to strike fish with a spear or leister.

LINK, _vb._ to walk briskly, smartly. Burns, 1291, 6, 5, 2. Norse
_linke_, to hurry along, cp. Sw., Dan. _linke_, to limp along.
Stevenson in _Ille Terrarum_ 6, 3, uses _link_ in the sense of
"walking along leisurely," which is nearer the Dan. meaning of
the word.

LIRK, _vb._ to crease, to rumple, shrivel. Ramsay, I, 307. O.N.
_lerka_, to lace tight, _lirk_, sb. a crease, a fold.

LIPIN, LIPPEN, _vb._ to trust. R.R., 3501; Psalms, XVIII, 30, etc.
O.N. _litna_ (?), very doubtful. See B-S.

LITE, _vb._ to dye, to stain. Dalr., I, 48, 24; Douglas, IV, 190,
32. O.N. _lita_, to dye, Shetland, to _litt_. See Wall.

LITLING, _sb._ dyeing. Sat. P., 48, 1. See _lit_.

LOFT, _sb._ upper room, gallery. O.N. _lopt_, Norse _loft_, Aberdeen
_laft_. See Skeat.

LOFT, _vb._ to equip with a loft. C.S., 96. See _loft_, sb.

LOKMEN, _sb. pl._ executioners. Wallace, 134. O. Dan., O. Sw.
_lagman_. O.N. _loegmaethr_, literally "the law-man," was the
speaker of the law. In Iceland, particularly, the _loegmaethr_
was the law-speaker. In Norway a _loegman_ seems also to have
meant a country sheriff or officer, which comes closer to the
use in Wallace. A little doubtful.

LOPPRIT, _pp._ clotted. Douglas, II, 157, 28; III, 306, 4. O.N.
_hlaupa_ (of milk), to curdle (of blood), to coagulate. So
Norse _lopen_, _lopen_ (from _laeupa_, _loypa_), thick,
coagulated. Dan. _at loebe sammen_, to curdle, _loebe_, make
curdle, _loebe_, sb. curdled milk. O.N. _hloeypa mjolk_, id.,
literally "to make milk leap together." O. Sw. _loepa_. In Cu.
milk is said to be _loppert_ when curdled.

LOUN, LOWN, _adj._ quiet, calm, sheltered. O.N. _logn_, O. Sw.
_lughn_. See Wall under _lownd_.

LOUP, LOWP, _vb._ to leap, to jump. O.N. _hlaupa_, to leap, Norse
_laeupa_, run, O. Sw. _loepa_, Dan. _loebe_. Cp. Cu. _lowpy-
dike_, a husband of unfaithful habits, and the secondary
meanings of Norse _laupa_ given in Aasen.

LOUP, LOWP, _sb._ a jump, a spring. Bruce, VI, 638; X, 414; Sco.
Pro. 3. See the verb.

LOUSE, LOWSE, _adj._ loose, free, unfettered. Wyntoun, IX, 2, 63;
Douglas, I, 95, 9; I, 95, 23. O.N. _lauss_, Norse _laeus_,
loose. See Wall. Sco. _to be louse_, to be abroad, about. The
Norse word is similarly used. Cp. Germ. _los_, and Dan. _loes_.
Waddell has the word _godlowse_, godless.

LOUSE, LOWSE, _vb._ to make loose, release. C.S., 121; Lyndsay, 460,
232; K.Q., 34. O.N. _lauss_. The O.N. vb. was _loysa_. See
_louse_, adj.

LOW, _vb._ to humble. R.R., 148. Same as Eng. to _lower_. So in Sco.
to _hey_, to heighten.

LOW, _vb._ to flame, to flare up, kindle. Dunbar, G.T., 45; Ramsay,
II, 17; Psalms, LXXVI. O.N. _l[o,]ga_, to burn with a flame,
Norse _l[o,]ga_, _laaga_, to blaze, but cp. the Sco. sb.
_lowe_.

LOWE, _sb._ flame. O.N. _l[o,]gi_, Norse _laage_. See Skeat.

LOWNE, _vb._ to shelter. Bruce, XV, 276; M.E. _lounen_, to shelter.
See _lowne_, adj. Douglas, II, 236, 31, _lownit_, pp. serene,
tranquil.

LUCK, _vb._ to succeed. Montg., C., 643. O.N. _lukka_, reflexive, to
succeed (bene succedere, Haldorson), _lukka_, sb. luck. O. Sw.
_lukka_, _loecka_ and _lykka_. In Scand. dial. the latter
umlauted form only is found for the vb., but Norse sb.
_lukka_, Dan. sb. _lykke_. Undoubtedly Norse influence in Sco.

LUCKEN, _vb._ to give luck, cause to succeed. Sco. formation from
_luck_. Cp. _slok_ and _sloken_.

LUFE, LOOF, _sb._ the palm of the hand. O.N _lofi_, the hollow of
the hand, the palm, Norse _love_, id., Sw. dial. _love_.

LUG, _sb._ the ear. See Skeat and Wall. Cp. Norse _lugga_, to pull,
and _lug_ as a sb. originally "that which is pulled." In Cu.
_lug_ means "the handle of a pail." Compare the Eng. to _lug_,
to carry.

LYTHE, _vb._ to listen. Dunbar, 192, I. O.N. _hlyetha_, to listen,
Dan. _lytte_, O. Sw. _lyÞa_, id.


MAIK, _sb._ companion, partner, consort. Dunbar, T.M.W., 32;
Philotus, 2. O.N. _maki_, partner, an equal, Norse _make_,
Dan. _mage_, O. Sw. _maki_, M.E. _make_, consort, partner.

MAIKLESS, _adj._ without peer. Wyntoun, IX, Prol. 48; Montg. "The
Lady Margaret Montgomery," 8. O.N. _maki_ + _laus_, Norse
_makalaeus_, Dan. _mageloes_, extraordinary.

MAUCH, _adj._ full of maggots. Dunbar, F., 241. O.N. _maethkr_,
a maggot, W.Norse, with assimilation, _makk_, E. Norse _mark_,
Dan. _madik_, Sw. dial. _mark_, O. Sw. _matk_, and _madhker_.
The _k_ is a diminutive ending, cp. Eng. _moth_ < O.E. _maetha_.
In the Sco. word _eth_ fell out and _a_ was lengthened for
compensation. Cp. Cu. _mawk_, a midge, Eng. dial. _mawkish_.
Skeat cites Eng. dial. form _mad_.

MELDER, _sb._ flour, meal just ground. Burns, 127, 113. O.N.
_meldr_, flour, or corn in the mill, Norse _melder_, wheat
about to be ground, or flour that has just been ground,
_melderlas_, a load of wheat intended for the mill,
_meldersekk_, a bag of flour. Cp. Cu. _melder_, the quantity
of meal ground at one time.

MENSE, _vb._ to do grace to. Lyndsay, 529. See _mensk_, sb. The
change of _sk_ to _s_ is characteristic of Sco. See _mensk_.

MENSEDOM, _sb._ wisdom. Psalms, CV, 22. See _mensk_.

MENSK, MENSE, _sb._ proper conduct, more generally honor. Dunbar,
T.M.W., 352; Wyntoun, VIII, 42, 143; Burns, 90, 1. O.N.
_mennska_. For discussion of this word see Wall. Deriv.
_menskless_, _menskful_, _menskly_.

MIDDING, MYDDING, _sb._ a midden. C.S., 12; Lyndsay, 216, 269. Dan.
_moedding_, older _moeghdyngh_, O.N. _mykidyngja_, Sw. dial.
_moedding_, Cu. _middin_.

MON, MAN, MAUN, _vb._ must, O.N. _monu_ (_munu_), will, shall, Norse
_mun_, will, but used variously. Dan. _monne_, _mon_, as an
auxiliary vb. used very much like _do_ in Eng. Sw. _man_, Cu.
_mun_. The form of the Sco. word is the same in all persons.
So in Norse.

MYTH, _vb._ to mark, recognize. Wallace, V, 664; Douglas, I, 28, 26.
O.N. _mietha_, to show, to mark a place, Norse _mida_, mark a
place, _mid_ sb. a mark by which to find a place. O.E.
_miethan_, meant "to conceal, lie concealed," same as O.H.G.
_midan_, vitare, occultare, Germ. _meiden_, _vermeiden_,
avoid.


NEIRIS, _sb. pl._ the kidneys. C.S., 67. O.N. _nyra_, a kidney,
Norse _nyra_, O. Dan. _nyre_, Sw. _niura_, Sw. dial. _nyra_,
M.E. _nere_. Cp. Sco. _eir_, _an eir_, for _a neir_, as in
Eng. _augur_, _an augur_, _a naugur_.

NEVIN, _vb._ to name. Gol. and Gaw., 506; Howlate, II, 3, 7. O.N.
_nefna_, Norse _nevna_, Dan. _naevne_, to name, O.E. _namnian_.

NIEVE, NEEFE, NEVE, _sb._ the hand, the fist. O.N. _hnefi_, Norse
_neve_, hand, fist, Shetland _nev_, Cu. _neif_, _neive_,
_neef_. Wall considers this an unrecorded Eng. word, which is
possible. Its general distribution in Scand. dial. and
elsewhere in Scand. settlements, as Northern and Central
England, Southern Scotland, Shetland, etc., as well as its
absence in all other Gmc. languages, indicates, however, that
the word is Scand. in Eng. diall.

NOUT, NOWT, _sb._ cattle. O.N. _naut_, cattle, Norse _naeut_ id. Dan.
_noed_, Sw. _noet_, Shetland _nod_. In M. Sco., also written
_nolt_.

NYK, NEK, _vb._ to shake the head in denial of anything, "to nyk
with nay." Gol. and Gaw, 115; Philotus, 32. Norse _nikka_, to
bow slightly, _nikk_, a slight bow, Sw. _neka_, to deny, say
no, M.E. _nicken_.

NYTE, _vb._ to deny. Gol. and Gaw., 889; Wyntoun, VIII, 2, 16. O.N.
_naeita_, to deny, refuse, Norse _neitta_, _neikta_, _nekta_,
id., _neiting_, a denial, _neitan_, id., Dan. _naegte_.

ONDING, _sb._ terror. Psalms, LXXXVIII, 15. See _ding_.

ONFARRAND, _adj._ ill-looking. Douglas, III, 250, 26. See _farrand_.

ON LOFT, _adv._ up. Gol. and Gaw., 485; Bruce, XIII, 652. O.N.
_a loft_, up into the air. See Skeat _aloft_. Sco. Pro. 27,
_upon loft_, up.

ON LOFT, _adv._ aloud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 338. See above.

OUTWALE, _sb._ the best, the choice. Lyndsay, XX, 4. Eng. _out_ +
O.N. _val_; similar formation to Norse _udvalg_, _utval_.

PIRRYE, _sb._ whirlwind. Sat. P., I, 178. See _bir_.

POCKNET, _sb._ from O.N. _poki_, pouch and _net_, a net.
A Dumfriesshire word. Not found in any Sco. text but given by
Worsaae, p. 260, and in Jamieson, where the following
description is given of pocknet fishing.
This is performed by fixing stakes or stours, as they are
called, in the sand either in the channel of a river, or
in the sand which is dry at low water. These stours are
fixed in a line across the tideway at a distance of 46
inches from each other, about three feet high above the
sand, and between every two of these stours is fixed a
pocknet, tied by a rope to the top of each stour."
P. Dorneck, Dumr. Statist. Acc., II, 1.


QUEY, QUOY, _sb._ a young cow, a yearling. Douglas, II, 178, 19; II,
299, 8; Burns, 595. O.N. Norse _kviga_, Dan. dial. _kvie_. Cp.
Shetland _hwaei_ and _kwaei_. Cu. _why_, _wheye_ (guttural
_wh_).

QUHELM, WHELM, _vb._ to overturn, to turn upside down. Douglas, II,
64, 14; II, 264, 16. Burns, 66, 1, also written _quhelme_,
_whamle_, _whemle_. In Cu. _whemmel_, M.E. _hw[-e]lmen_. See
Skeat under _whelm_. Cp. Norse _kvelm_ and _hvelm._ The O.N.
_hvelfa_, N. Norse _kvelva_, means "to turn upside down."

QUYOK, QUYACH, diminutive of _quey_, q. v.


RA (r[-e]), _sb._ a sail-yard. Douglas, II, 274, 16. O.N., Ic. _ra_,
Dan. _raa_, Norse _raa_, Sw. _ra_, Shetland _roe_, a sail-
yard.

RAD, RED, _adj._ afraid. Bruce, XII, 431; Dunbar, T. M.W., 320;
Montg. C. and S., 1392. O.N. _hraeddr_, timid, frightened,
Norse _raedd_, Dan. _raed_, Sw. _raedd_, id., M.E. _rad_. Cp.
O.N. _hraeetha_, to frighten, Norse _raedda._

RADNESS, _sb._ timidity, fear. R. R., 1166; 1660. Deriv. from _rad_,
q.v.

RADEUR, _sb._ fear. L.L., 1489. Sco. formation from _rad_ adj.,
afraid. M.E. _reddour_, _redour_ is a different word from
O. Fr. _reidur_, later _roideur_, see B-S.

RAGGED, _adj._ full of _rag_, ragwort. Burns, 103, 85. See
_ragweed._

RAGWEED, _sb._ an herb, ragwort. Burns, 6, 5, 9. O.N. _roegg_, M.E.
_ragge_ for which see B-S. Cp. Sw. dial. _ragg_, _rogga._

RAISE, RAIZE, _vb._ to incite, stir up. Burns, 6, 5, 4; and 7, 1, 1.
Used here as Sco. _bait_ would be used, otherwise generally as
Eng. _raise_, from O.N. _raeisa_.

RAKE, RAIK (r[-e]k), _vb._ to go, walk, wander, also depart. Dunbar,
T. M.W., 524; Gol. and Gaw., 72; Psalms, XVIII, 10. O.N.
_raeika_, to wander, Norse _raeka_, to wander about aimlessly.
Cp. Cu. _rake_, a journey, "He's teann a rake ower to Kendal."
See also Wall.

RAMFEEZLED, _adj._ exhausted, fatigued. Burns, 42, 1, 3. One of a
number of words in Sco. formed with _ram_, cp. _ramshackle_,
_ramstam_, _rammous_, etc. The second element probably the
same as Eng. _fizzle_ in the expression _to fizzle out_, fail,
come to nought. See _fizz_ in Skeat. See _rammys_.

RAMMEIST, _vb.pret._ ran wild, frenzied. Montg., F., 511. Cp.
_rammous_ adj. Probably the same used as a vb. Cp. Norse
_ramsa_, to slash together, do a thing hurriedly, also to
make a noise.

RAMMYS, RAMMOUS, _adj._ excited, violent. R.R., 113. O.N. _ramr_,
_rammr_, strong, vehement, Norse _ram_, powerful, risky,
hazardous. Cl. and V. cites the N. Eng. form _ram_, bitter,
which is the same word.

RAMSTAM, _adj._ indiscreet, with an idea of rushing into anything
thoughtlessly. Burns, 32, 22. O.N. _rammr_, vehement, and
_stam_, stiff, hard, unbending. Cp. Cu. _ram_, strong, and
_rammish_, violent, and American slang _rambunktious_,