aptitude for detumescence: the presence of those activities which are most
prominently brought into play during the process of detumescence. The
individual, that is to say, who is organically most apt to manifest the
physiological activities which mainly make up the process of detumescence,
is most likely to be of pronounced erotic temperament.

"Erotic persons are of motor type," remark Vaschide and Vurpas, "and we
may say generally that nearly all persons of motor type are erotic." The
state of detumescence is one of motor and muscular energy and of great
vascular activity, so that habitual energy of motor response and an active
circulation may reasonably be taken to indicate an aptitude for the
manifestation of detumescence.

These three types may be said, therefore, to furnish us valuable though
somewhat general indications. The individual who is farthest removed from
the castrated type, who presents in fullest degree the characters which
begin to emerge at the period of puberty, and who reveals a physiological
aptitude for the vigorous manifestation of those activities which are
called into action during detumescence, is most likely to be of erotic
temperament. The most cautious description of the characteristics of this
temperament given by modern scientific writers, unlike the more detailed
and hazardous descriptions of the early physiognomists, will be found to
be fairly true to the standards thus presented to us.

The man of sexual type, according to Bierent (_La Puberte_, p.
148), is hairy, dark and deep-voiced.

"The men most liable to satyriasis," Bouchereau states (art.
"Satyriasis," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences
Medicales_), "are those with vigorous nervous system, developed
muscles, abundant hair on body, dark complexion, and white
teeth."

Mantegazza, in his _Fisiologia del Piacere_, thus describes the
sexual temperament: "Individuals of nervous temperament, those
with fine and brown skins, rounded forms, large lips and very
prominent larynx enjoy in general much more than those with
opposite characteristics. A universal tradition," he adds,
"describes as lascivious humpbacks, dwarfs, and in general
persons of short stature and with long noses."

In a case of nymphomania in a young woman, described by Alibert
(and quoted by Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 28) the
hips, thighs and legs were remarkably plump, while the chest and
arms were completely emaciated. In a somewhat similar case
described by Marc in his _De la Folie_ a peasant woman, who from
an early age had experienced sexual hyperaesthesia, so that she
felt spasmodic voluptuous feelings at the sight of a man, and was
thus the victim of solitary excesses and of spasmodic movements
which she could not repress, the upper part of the body was very
thin, the hips, legs and thighs highly developed.

In his work on _Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation_ (1862, p. 37)
Tilt observes: "The restless, bashful eye, and changing
complexion, in presence of a person of the opposite sex, and a
nervous restlessness of body, ever on the move, turning and
twisting on sofa or chair, are the best indications of sexual
temperament."

An extremely sensual little girl of 8, who was constantly
masturbating when not watched, although brought up by nuns, was
described by Busdraghi (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, fas. i, 1888,
p. 53) as having chestnut hair, bright black eyes, an elevated
nose, small mouth, pleasant round face, full colored cheeks, and
plump and healthy aspect.

A highly intelligent young Italian woman with strong and somewhat
perverted sexual impulses is described as of attractive
appearance, with olive complexion, small black almond-shaped
eyes, dilated pupils, oblique thin eyebrows, very thick black
hair, rather prominent cheek-bones, largely developed jaw, and
with abundant down on lower part of cheeks and on upper lip.
(_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1899, fasc. v-vi.)

As the type of the sensual woman in word and act, led by her
passions to commit various sexual offenses, Ottolenghi describes
(_Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xii, fasc. v-vi, p. 496) a woman
of 32 who attempted to kill her lover. The daughter of parents
who were neurotic and themselves very erotic, she was a highly
intelligent and vivacious woman, with a pleasing and open face,
very thick dark chestnut hair, large cheek-bones, adipose
buttocks almost resembling those of a Hottentot, and very thick
pubic hair. She was very fond of salt things. Sexual inclination
began at the age of 7.

Adler and Moll remark, very truly, that, so far at least as women are
concerned, sexual anaesthesia or sexual proclivity cannot be unfailingly
read on the features. Every woman desires to please, and coquetry is the
sign of a cold, rather than of an erotic temperament.[145] It may be added
that a considerable degree of congenital sexual anaesthesia by no means
prevents a woman from being beautiful and attractive, though it must
probably still always be said that, as Roubaud points out,[146] the woman
of cold and intellectual temperament, the "femme de tete," however
beautiful and skillful she may be, cannot compete in the struggle for love
with the woman whose qualities are of the heart and of the emotions. But
it seems sufficiently clear that the practical observations of skilled and
experienced observers agree in attributing to persons of erotic type
certain general characteristics which accord with those negative and
positive standards we may frame on the basis of castration, of puberty,
and of detumescence. It may be worth while to note a few of these
characteristics briefly.

The abnormal lengthening of the long bones at the age of puberty in the
castrated is, as we have seen, very pronounced. There is little tendency
to associate length of limb with an erotic temperament, and a certain
amount of data as well as of more vague opinion points in the opposite
direction. The Arabs would appear to believe that it is short rather than
tall people in whom the sexual instinct is strongly developed, and we read
in the _Perfumed Garden_: "Under all circumstances little women love
coitus more and evince a stronger affection for the virile member than
women of a large size." In his elaborate investigation of criminals Marro
found that prostitutes and women guilty of sexual offenses, as also male
sexual offenders, tend to be short and thick set.[147] In European
folk-lore the thick, bull neck is regarded as a sign of strong
sexuality.[148] Mantegazza refers to a strong sexual temperament as being
associated with arrest or disorder of bony development, and Marro suggests
that the proverbial salacity of rachitic individuals may be due to an
increased activity of the sexual organs.[149] It may be added that
acromegaly, with its excessive bony growths, tends to be associated with
premature sexual involution.

A further point which is frequently mentioned in the case of women is the
development of the chief secondary sexual regions: the pelvis and the
breasts. It is, indeed, almost inevitable that there should be some degree
of correlation between the aptitude for bearing children and the aptitude
for experiencing detumescence. The reality of such a connection is not
only evidenced by medical observations, but receives further testimony in
popular beliefs. In Italy women with large buttocks are considered wanton,
and among the South Slavs they are regarded as especially fruitful.[150]
Blumenbach asserted that precocious venery will enlarge the breasts, and
believed that he had found evidence of this among young London
prostitutes.[151]

The association of the aptitude for detumescence with a tendency to a deep
rather than to a high voice, both in men and women, has frequently been
noted and has seldom been denied. The onset of puberty always affects the
voice; in general, Bierent states, the more bass the voice is the more
marked is the development of the sexual apparatus; "a very robust man,
with very developed sexual organs, and very dark and abundant hairy
system, a man of strong puberty in a word, is nearly always a bass."[152]
The influence of sexual excitement in deepening the voice is shown by the
rules of sexual hygiene prescribed to tenors, while a bass has less need
to observe similar precautions. In women every phase of sexual
life--puberty, menstruation, coitus, pregnancy--tends to affect the voice
and always by giving it a deeper character. The deepening of the voice by
sexual intercourse was an ancient Greek observation, and Martial refers to
a woman's good or bad singing as an index to her recent sexual habits.
Prostitutes tend to have a deep voice. Venturi points out that married
women preserve a fresh voice to a more advanced age than spinsters, this
being due to the precocious senility in the latter of an unused function.
Such a phenomenon indicates that the relationship of detumescence to the
deepening of the voice is not quite simple. This is further indicated by
the fact that in robust men abstinence still further deepens the voice
(the monk of melodrama always has a bass voice), while excessive or
precocious sexual indulgence tends to be associated with the same kind of
puerile voice as is found in those persons in whom pubertal development
has not been carried very far, or who are of what Griffiths terms
eunuchoid type. Idiot boys, who are often sexually undeveloped, tend to
have a high voice, while idiot girls (who often manifest marked sexual
proclivities) not infrequently have a deep voice.[153]

Bright dilated eyes are among the phenomena of detumescence, and are very
frequently noted in persons of a pronounced erotic temperament. This is,
indeed, an ancient observation, and Burton says of people with a black,
lively, and sparkling eye, "without question they are most amorous,"
drawing his illustrations mostly from classic literature.[154] Tardieu
described the erotic woman as having bright eyes, and Heywood Smith states
that the eyes of lascivious women resemble, though in a less degree, those
of the insane.[155] Sexual excitement is one among many
causes--intellectual excitement, pain, a loud noise, even any sensory
irritation--which produce dilatation of the pupils and enlargement of the
palpebral fissure, with some protrusion of the eyeball. The influence of
the sexual system upon the eye appears to be far less potent in men than
in women.[156] Sexual desire is, however, by no means the only irritant
within the sexual sphere which may thus influence the eye; morbid
irritations may produce the same effect. Milner Fothergill, in his book on
_Indigestion_, vividly describes the appearance of the eyes sometimes
seen in ovarian disorder: "The glittering flash which glances out from
some female irides is the external indication of ovarian irritation, and
'the ovarian gleam' has features quite its own. The most marked instance
which ever came under my notice was due to irritation in the ovaries,
which had been forced down in front of the uterus and been fixed there by
adhesions. Here there was little sexual proclivity, but the eyes were very
remarkable. They flashed and glittered unceasingly, and at times perfect
lightning bolts shot from them. Usually there is a bright glittering sheen
in them which contrasts with the dead look in the irides of sexual excess
or profuse uterine discharges."

The activity of the glandular secretions, and especially those of the
skin, during detumescence, would lead us to expect that such secretory
activity is an index to an aptitude for detumescence. As a matter of fact
it is occasionally, though not frequently, noted by medical observers. It
is stated that the erotic temperament is characterized by a special
odor.[157] The activity of the sweat-glands is seldom referred to by
medical observers in describing persons of erotic temperament, although
the descriptions of novelists not infrequently contain allusions to this
point, and the literature of an earlier age shows that the tendency to
perspiration, especially the moist hand, was regarded as a sure sign of a
sensual temperament. "The moist-handed Madonna Imperia, a most rare and
divine creature," remarks Lazarillo in Middleton's comedy _Blurt,
Master-Constable_, to quote one of many allusions to this point in the
Elizabethan drama.

The lips are sometimes noted as red and everted, perhaps thick[158];
Tardieu remarked that the typically erotic woman has thick red lips. This
corresponds with the characteristic type of the satyr in classic statues
as in later paintings; his lips are always thick and everted. Fullness,
redness, and eversion of the lips are correlated with good breathing, the
absence of anaemia, laughter, a well-fleshed face.

This kind of mouth indicates, perhaps, not so much a congenitally
erotic temperament, as an abandonment to impulse. The opposite
type of mouth--with inverted, thin, and retracted lips--would
appear to be found with especial frequency in persons who
habitually repress their impulses on moral grounds. Any kind of
effort to restrain involuntary muscular action may lead to
retraction of the lips: the effort to overcome anger or fear, or
even the resistance to a strong desire to urinate or defecate. In
religious young men, however, it becomes habitual and fixed. I
recall a small band of medical students, gathered together from a
large medical school, who were accustomed to meet together for
prayer and Bible-reading; the majority showed this type of mouth
to a very marked degree: pale faces, with drawn, retracted lips.
It may be termed the Christian or pious _facies_. It is much less
frequently seen in religious women (unless of masculine type),
doubtless because religion for women is in a much less degree
than for men a moral discipline.

It may be added that an interesting form of this contraction of
the lips, and one that is not purely repressive, is that which
indicates the state of muscular tension associated with the
impulse to guard and protect. In this form the contracted mouth
is the index of tenderness, and is characteristic of the mother
who is watching over the infant she is suckling at her breast. I
have observed precisely the same expression in the face of a boy
of 14 with a large congenital scrotal hernia; when the tumor was
being examined his lower lip became retracted, well marked lines
appearing from the angles downwards, though the upper lip
retained its normal expression It was precisely the tender look
we may see in the faces of mothers who are watching anxiously
over their offspring, and the emotion is evidently the same in
both cases: solicitude for a sensitive and tenderly guarded
object.

The degree of pigmentation is clearly correlated with sexual vigor. "In
general," Heusinger laid down, in 1823, "the quantity of pigment is
proportional to the functional effectiveness of the genital organs." This
connection is so profound that it may be traced very widely throughout the
organic world.

The connection between pigmentation and sexual activity is very ancient.
Even leaving out of account the wedding apparel of animals, nearly always
gorgeous in scales and plumage and hair, the sexual orifice shows a more
or less marked tendency to pigmentation during the breeding season from
fishes upward, while in mammals the darker pigmentation of this region is
a constant phenomenon in sexually mature individuals.[159]

In the human species both the negative standard of castration and the
positive standard of puberty alike indicate a correlation of this kind.
Those individuals in whom puberty never fully develops and who are
consequently said to be affected by infantilism, reveal a relative absence
of pigment in the sexual centers which are normally pigmented to a high
degree.[160] Among those Asiatic races who extirpate the ovaries in young
girls the skin remains white in the perineum, round the anus, and in the
armpits.[161] Even in mature women who undergo ovariotomy, as Kepler
found, the pigmentation of the nipples and areola disappears, as well as
of the perineum and anus, the skin taking on a remarkable whiteness.

Normally the sexual centers, and in a high degree the genital orifice,
represent the maximum of pigmentation, and under some circumstances this
is clearly visible even in infancy. Thus babies of mixed black and white
blood may show no traces of negro ancestry at birth, but there will always
be increased pigmentation about the external genitalia.[162] The linea
fusca, which reaches from the pubes to the navel and occasionally to the
ensiform cartilage, is a line of sexual pigmentation sometimes regarded as
characteristic of pregnancy, but as Andersen, of Copenhagen, has found by
the examination of several hundred children of both sexes, it exists in a
slight form in about 75 per cent. of young girls, and in almost as large a
proportion of boys. But there is no doubt that it tends to increase with
age as well as to become marked at pregnancy. At puberty there is a
general tendency to changes in pigmentation; thus Godin found that in 28
per cent, adolescent changes occurred in the eyes and hair at this period,
the hair becoming darker, though the eyes sometimes become lighter. Ammon,
in his investigation of conscripts at the age of 20 (_post_, p. 196),
discovered the significant fact that the eyes and hair darken _pari passu_
with sexual development. In women, during menstruation, there is a general
tendency to pigmentation; this is especially obvious around the eyes, and
in some cases black rings of true pigment form in this position. Even the
skin of the negro women of Loango sometimes becomes a few shades darker
during menstruation.[163] During pregnancy this tendency to pigmentation
reaches its climax. Pregnancy constantly gives rise to pigmentation of the
face, the neck, the nipples, the abdomen, and this is especially marked in
brunettes.

This association of pigmentation and sexual aptitudes has been recognized
in the popular lore of some peoples. Thus the Sicilians, who admire brown
skin and have no liking either for a fair skin or light hair, believe that
a white woman is incapable of responding to love. It is the brown woman
who feels love; as it is said in Sicilian dialect: "Fimmina scura, fimmina
amurusa."[164]

The dependence of pigmentation upon the sexual system is shown by
the fact that irritation of the genital organs by disease will
frequently suffice to produce a high degree of pigmentation. This
may the neck, the trunk, the hands. Simpson long since noted that
uterine irritation apart from pregnancy may produce pigmentation
of the areolae of the nipples (_Obstetric Works_, vol. i, p. 345).
Engelmann discussed the subject and gave cases, "The
Hystero-Neuroses," pp. 124-139, in _Gynaecological Transactions_,
vol. xii, 1887; and a summary of a memoir by Fouquet on this
subject in _La Gynecologie_, February, 1903, will be found in
_British Medical Journal_, March 28, 1903,

Of all physical traits vigor of the hairy system has most frequently
perhaps been regarded as the index of vigorous sexuality. In this matter
modern medical observations are at one with popular belief and ancient
physiognomical assertions.[165] The negative test of castration and the
positive test of puberty point in the same direction.

It is at puberty that all the hair on the body, except that on the head,
begins to develop; indeed, the very word "puberty" has reference to this
growth as the most obvious sign of the whole process. When castration
takes place at an early age all this development of pubescent hair is
arrested. When the primary sexual organs are undeveloped the sexual hair
is also undeveloped, as in a case, recorded by Plant,[166] of a girl with
rudimentary uterus and ovaries who had little or no axillary and pubic
hair, although the hair of the head was long and strong.[167]

The pseudo-Michael Scot among the _Signa mulieris calidae naturae
et quae coit libenter_ stated that her hair, both on the head and
body, is thick and coarse and crisp, and Della Porta, the
greatest of the physiognomists, said that thickness of hair in
women meant wantonness. Venette, in his _Generation de l'Homme_,
remarked that men who have much hair on the body are most
amorous. At a more recent period Roubaud has said that pubic hair
in its quantity, color and curliness is an index of genital
energy. A poor pilous system, on the other hand, Roubaud regarded
as a probable though not an irrefragable proof of sexual
frigidity in women. "In the cold woman the pilous system is
remarkable for the languor of its vitality; the hairs are fair,
delicate, scarce and smooth, while in ardent natures there are
little curly tufts about the temples." (_Traite de
l'Impuissance_, pp. 124, 523.) Martineau declared (_Lecons sur
les Deformations Vulvaires_, p. 40) that "the more developed the
genital organs the more abundant the hair covering them;
abundance of hair appears to be in relation to the perfect
development of the organs." Tardieu described the typically
erotic woman as very hairy.

Bergh found that among 2200 young Danish prostitutes those who
showed an unusual extension and amount of pubic hair included
several women who were believed to be libidinous in a very high
degree. (Bergh, "Symbolae," etc., _Hospitalstidende_, August,
1894.) Moraglia, again, in Italy, in describing various women,
mostly prostitutes, of unusually strong sexual proclivities,
repeatedly notes very thick hair, with down on the face.
(_Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xvi, fasc. iv-v.)

Marro, also, in Italy found that abundance of hair and down is
especially marked in women who are guilty of infanticide (as also
Pasini has found), though criminal women generally, in his
experience, tend to have abnormally abundant hair. (_Caratteri
del Delinquenti_, cap. XXII.) Lombroso finds that prostitutes
generally tend to be hairy (_Donna Delinquente_, p. 320.)

A lad of 14, guilty of numerous crimes of violence having a
sexual source, is described by Arthur Macdonald in America as
having hair on the chest as well as all over the pubes. (A.
Macdonald, _Archives de L'Anthropologie Criminelle_, January,
1893, p. 55.) The association of hairiness with abnormal
sexuality in the weak-minded has been noted at Bicetre
(_Recherches Cliniques sur l'Epilepsie_, vol. xix, pp. 69, 77.)

Hypertrichosis universalis, a general hairiness of body, has been
described by Cascella in a woman with very strong sexual desires,
who eventually became insane. (_Revista Mensile di Psichiatria_,
1903, p. 408.) Bucknill and Tuke give the case of a religiously
minded girl, with very strong and repressed sexual desires, who
became insane; the only abnormal feature in her physical
development was the marked growth of hair over the body.

Brantome refers to a great lady known to him whose body was very
hairy, and quotes a saying to the effect that hairy people are
either rich or wanton; the lady in question, he adds, was both.
(Brantome, _Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II.)

De Sade, whose writings are now regarded as a treasure house of
true observations in the domain of sexual psychology, makes the
Rodin of _Justine_ dark, with much hair and thick eyebrows, while
his very sexual sister is described as dark, thin and very hairy.
(Duehren, _Der Marquis de Sade_, third edition, p. 440.)

A correspondent who has always taken a special interest in the
condition as regards hairiness of the women to whom he has been
attracted, has sent me notes concerning a series of 12 women. It
may be gathered from these notes that 5 women were neither
markedly sexual nor markedly hairy (either as regards head or
pubes), 6 cases both hairy and sexual, 1 was sexual and not
hairy, none were hairy and not sexual. My correspondent remarks:
"There may be women with scanty pubic hair possessing very strong
sexual emotions. My own experience is quite the opposite." He has
also independently reached the conclusion, arrived at by many
medical observers and clearly suggested by some of the facts here
brought together, that profuse hair frequently denotes a neurotic
temperament.

It may be added that Mirabeau, as we learn from an anecdote told
by an eyewitness and recorded by Legouve, had a very hairy chest,
while the same is recorded of Restif de la Bretonne.

It is a very ancient and popular belief that if a hairy man is not sensual
he is strong: _vir pilosus aut libidinosus aut fortis_. The Greeks
insisted on the hairy nates of Hercules, and Ninon de l'Enclos, when the
great Conde shared her bed without touching her, remarked, on seeing his
hairy body: "Ah, Monseigneur, que vous devez etre fort!" It may be doubted
whether there is any exact parallelism between muscular strength and
hairiness, for strength is largely a matter of training, but there can be
no doubt that hairiness really tends to be associated with a generally
vigorous development of the body.

Although the observations concerning hairiness of body as an index of
vigor, whether sexual or only generally physical, are so ancient, until
recent years no attempts have been made to demonstrate on a large scale
whether there is actually a correlation between hairiness and sexual or
general development of the body. Some importance, therefore, attaches to
Ammon's careful observations of many thousand conscripts in Baden. These
observations fully justify this ancient belief, since they show that on
the one hand the size of the testicles, and on the other hand girth of
chest and stature, are correlated with hairiness of body.

Ammon's observations were made on nearly 4000 conscripts of the
age of 20. From the point of view of the hairy system he divided
them, into four classes:--

I. To which 6.1 per cent, of the men belonged, with smooth
bodies.

II. Including 25.3 per cent., only slight hairiness.

III. 53.8 per cent., more developed hairy system, but belly,
breast and back smooth.

IV. 14.7 per cent., hair all over body.

V. 0.1 per cent., extreme cases of hairiness.

The beardless were 12.1 per cent., those with no axillary hair 9
per cent., those with no hair on pubis 0.4 per cent. This
corresponds with the fact that hair appears first on the pubis
and last on the chin.

In the first class 69 per cent, were beardless, 54 per cent,
without any axillary hair and 6 per cent, without pubic hair. In
the second class 24 per cent, were beardless, 17 per cent,
without axillary hair. In the third class 3 per cent, were
beardless and 3 per cent without axillary hair.

Below puberty the diameter of testicles is below 14 millimeters.
There were 13 conscripts having a testicular diameter of less
than 14 millimeters. These infantile individuals all belonged to
the first three classes and mostly to the first. The average
testicular diameter in the first class was nearly 24 millimeters,
and progressively rose in the succeeding classes to over 26
millimeters in the fourth.

While there was not much difference in height, the first class
was the shortest, the fourth the tallest. The fourth class also
showed the greatest chest perimeter. The cephalic index of all
classes was 84. (O. Ammon, "L'Infantilisme et le Feminisme au
Conseil de Revision," _L'Anthropologie_, May-June, 1896.)

We thus see that it is quite justifiable to admit a type of person who
possesses a more than average aptitude for detumescence. Such persons are
more likely to be short than tall; they will show a full development of
the secondary sexual characters; the voice will tend to be deep and the
eyes bright; the glandular activity of the skin will probably be marked,
the lips everted; there is a tendency to a more than average degree of
pigmentation, and there is frequently an abnormal prevalence of hair on
some parts of the body. While none of these signs, taken separately, can
be said to have any necessary connection with the sexual impulse, taken
altogether they indicate an organism that responds to the instinct of
detumescence with special aptitude or with marked energy. In these
respects observation, both scientific and popular, concords with the
probabilities suggested by the three standards in this matter which have
already been set forth.

No generalization, however, can here be set down in an absolute and
unqualified manner. There are definite reasons why this should be so.
There is, for instance, the highly important consideration that the sexual
impulse of the individual may be conspicuous in two quite distinct ways.
It may assume prominence because the individual possesses a highly
vigorous and well-nourished organism, or its prominence may be due to
mental irritation in a very morbid individual. In the latter
case--although occasionally the two sets of conditions are combined--most
of the signs we might expect in the former case may be absent. Indeed, the
sexual impulses which proceed from a morbid psychic irritability do not in
most cases indicate any special aptitude for detumescence at all; in that
largely lies their morbid character.

Again, just in the same way that the exaggerated impulse itself may either
be healthy or morbid, so the various characters which we have found to
possess some value as signs of the impulse may themselves either be
healthy or morbid. This is notably the case as regards an abnormal growth
of hair on the body, more especially when it appears on regions where
normally there is little or no hair. Such hypertrichosis is frequently
degenerative in character, though still often associated with the sexual
system. When, however, it is thus a degenerative character of sexual
nature, having its origin in some abnormal foetal condition or later
atrophy of the ovaries, it is no necessary indication of any aptitude for
detumescence.

Idiots, more especially it would seem idiot girls, tend to show a
highly developed hairy system. Thus Voisin, when investigating
150 idiot and imbecile girls, found the hair long and thick and
tending to occupy a large surface; one girl had hair on the
areolae of the mamma. (J. Voisin, "Conformation des organes
genitaux chez les Idiots," _Annales d'Hygiene Publique_, June,
1894.) It should be said that in idiot boys puberty is late, and
the sexual organs as well as the sexual instinct frequently
undeveloped, while in idiot girls there is no delay in puberty,
and the sexual organs and instinct are frequently fully and even
abnormally developed.

Hegar has described an interesting case showing an association,
of foetal origin, between sexual anomaly and abnormal hairness.
In this case a girl of 16 had a uterus duplex, an infantile
pelvis, very slight menstruation and undeveloped breasts. She was
very hairy on the face, the anterior aspects of the chest and
abdomen, the sexual regions, and the thighs, but not specially so
on the rest of the body. The hairs were of lanugo-like character,
but dark in color. (A. Hegar, _Beitraege zur Geburtshuelfe und
Gynaekologie_, vol. i, p. III, 1898.) Sometimes hiruties of the
face and abdomen begin to appear during pregnancy, apparently
from disease or degeneration of the ovaries. (A case is noted in
_British Medical Journal_, August 2 and 16, pp. 375 and 436,
1902.) Laycock many years ago referred to the popular belief that
women who have hair on the upper lip seldom bear children, and
regarded this opinion as "questionless founded on fact."
(Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 22.) When this is so,
we may suppose that the abnormal hairy growth is associated with
degeneration of the ovaries.

There is another factor which enters into this question and renders the
definition of a physical sexual type less precise than it would otherwise
be. The sexual instinct is common to all persons, and while it seems
probable that there is a type of person in whom sexual energies are
predominant, it would also appear that the people who otherwise show a
very high level of energy in life usually exhibit a more than average
degree of energy in matters of love. The predominantly sexual type, as we
have seen, tends to be associated with a high degree of pigmentation; the
person specially apt for detumescence inclines to belong to the dark
rather than to the purely fair group of the population. On the other hand,
the active, energetic, practical man, the man who is most apt for the
achievement of success in life, tends to belong to the fair rather than to
the dark type.[168] Thus we have a certain conflict of tendencies, and it
becomes possible to assert that while persons with pronounced aptitude for
sexual detumescence tend to be dark, persons whose pronounced energy in
sexual matters tends to ensure success are most likely to be fair.

The tendency of the fair energetic type, the type of the northern
European man, to sexuality may be connected with the fact that
the violent and criminal man who commits sexual crimes tends to
be fair even amid a dark population. Criminals on the whole would
appear to tend to be dark rather than fair; but Marro found in
Italy that the group of sexual offenders differed from all other
groups of criminals in that their hair was predominantly fair.
(_Caratteri del Delinquenti_, p. 374.) Ottolenghi, in the same
way, in examining 100 sexual offenders, found that they showed 17
per cent., of fair hair, though criminals generally (on a basis
of nearly 2000) showed only 6 per cent., and normal persons
(nearly 1000) 9 per cent. Similarly while the normal persons
showed only 20 per cent. of blue eyes and criminals generally 36
per cent., the sexual offenders showed 50 per cent. of blue eyes.
(Ottolenghi, _Archivio di Psichiatria_, fasc. vi, 1888, p. 573.)
Burton remarked (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II,
Mem. II, Subs. II) that in all ages most amorous young men have
been yellow-haired, adding, "Synesius holds every effeminate
fellow or adulterer is fair-haired." In folk-lore, it has been
noted (Kryptadia, vol. ii, p. 258), red or yellow hair is
sometimes regarded as a mark of sexuality.

In harmony with this fairness, sexual offenders would appear to
be more dolichocephalic than other criminals. In Italy Marro
found the foreheads of sexual offenders to be narrow, and in
California Draehms found that while murderers had an average
cephalic index of 83.5, and thieves of 80.5, that of sexual
offenders was 79.

On the other hand, high cheek-bones and broad faces--a condition
most usually found associated with brachycephaly--have sometimes
been noted as associated with undue or violent sexuality. Marro
noted the excess of prominent cheek-bones in sexual offenders,
and in America it has been found that unchaste girls tend to have
broad faces. (_Pedagogical Seminary_, December, 1896, pp. 231,
235.)

It will be seen that, when we take a comprehensive view of the facts and
considerations involved, it is possible to obtain a more definite and
coherent picture of the physical signs of a marked aptitude for
detumescence than has hitherto been usually supposed possible. But we also
see that while the _ensemble_ of these signs is probably fairly reliable
as an index of marked sexuality, the separate signs have no such definite
significance, and under some circumstances their significance may even be
reversed.


FOOTNOTES:

[144] See Bierent, _La Puberte_; Marro, _La Puberta_ (and enlarged French
translation, _La Puberte_), and portions of G.S. Hall's _Adolescence_;
also Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_ (fourth edition, revised and
enlarged).

[145] Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, p. 174;
Moll, "Perverse Sexualempfindung, Psychische Impotenz und Ehe" (Section
II), in Senator and Kaminer, _Krankheiten und Ehe_.

[146] Roubaud, _Traite de l'Impuissance_, p. 524.

[147] Marro, _Caratteri del Delinquenti_, p. 374.

[148] Kryptadia, vol. ii, p. 258.

[149] Marro, _La Puberta_, p. 196. In Italy, the sensuality of the lame is
the subject of proverbs.

[150] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1896, p. 515; Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 212.

[151] Blumenbach, _Anthropological Treatises_, p. 248.

[152] Bierent, _La Puberte_, p. 148.

[153] Venturi, _Degenerazioni Psico-sessuali_, pp. 408-410.

[154] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. II, Sub. II.

[155] _British Gynaecological Journal_, February, 1887, p. 505.

[156] Power, _Lancet_, November 26, 1887.

[157] With regard to the sexual relationships of personal odor, see the
previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," section on
Smell.

[158] In European folk-lore thick lips in a woman are sometimes regarded
as a sign of sensuality, Kryptadia, vol. ii, p, 258.

[159] The direct dependence of sexual pigmentation on the primary sexual
glands is well illustrated by a true hermaphroditic adult finch exhibited
at the Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam (May 31, 1890); this bird had a
testis on the right side and an ovary on the left, and on the right side
its plumage was of the male's colors, on the left of the female's color.

[160] See. e.g., Papillault, _Bulletin Societe d'Anthropologie_, 1899, p.
446.

[161] Guinard, Art. "Castration," Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_.

[162] J. Whitridge Williams, _Obstetrics_, 1903, p. 132.

[163] _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1878, p. 19.

[164] C. Pitre, _Medicina Populare Siciliana_, p. 47. In England, from
notes sent to me by one correspondent, it would appear that the proportion
of dark and sexually apt women to fair and sexually apt women is as 3 to
1. The experience of others would doubtless give varying results, and in
any case the fallacies are numerous. See, in the previous volume of these
_Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," Section IV.

[165] In Japan the same belief would appear to be held. In a nude figure
representing the typical voluptuous woman by the Japanese painter Marugama
Okio (reproduced in Ploss's _Das Weib_) the pubic and axillary hair is
profuse, though usually sparse in Japan.

[166] _Centralblatt fuer Gynaekologie_, No. 9, 1896.

[167] It is important to remember that there is little correlation in this
matter between the hair of the head and the sexual hair, if not a certain
opposition. (See _ante_, p. 127.) According to one of the aphorisms of
Hippocrates, repeated by Buffon, eunuchs do not become bald, and Aristotle
seems to have believed that sexual intercourse is a cause of baldness in
men. (Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 23.)

[168] For some of the evidence on this point, see Havelock Ellis, "The
Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly Review_, August,
1901; cf. id., _A Study of British Genius_, Chapter X.




THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.

The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion--Conception and Loss of
Virginity--The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition--The Pervading
Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism--Pigmentation--The Blood and
Circulation--The Thyroid--Changes in the Nervous System--The Vomiting of
Pregnancy--The Longings of Pregnant Women--Maternal Impressions--Evidence
for and Against Their Validity--The Question Still Open--Imperfection of
Our Knowledge--The Significance of Pregnancy.


In analyzing the sexual impulse I have so far deliberately kept out of
view the maternal instinct. This is necessary, for the maternal instinct
is specific and distinct; it is directed to an aim which, however
intimately associated it may be with that of the sexual impulse proper,
can by no means be confounded with it. Yet the emotion of love, as it has
finally developed in the world, is not purely of sexual origin; it is
partly sexual, but it is also partly parental.[169]