=155= 22 =por el hilo se saca el ovillo=: 'by the thread the skein is

pulled out,' proverbial phrase implying that a small indication will
enable one to get at the whole of a thing.

=155= 23 =por la uña el león=: identical with the Latin proverb _ex
ungue leonem_.

=155= 33 =cuatro soldados y un cabo=: i.e. an insignificant force.

=156= 4 =Por vida de!...=: cf. n. on p. 14, l. 9.

=156= 13 =echártela=: for =la= cf. n. on p. 7, l. 16.

=156= 24 =echarse fuera=: 'burst forth.'

=157= 26 =de=: cf. R. 1440,_m_; K. 631, _f_.

=159= 4 =montes=: not 'mountains.'

=159= 8 =me=: ethical dative; cf. R. 323; K. 231; C. 204.

=159= 19 =cómo=: pres. ind. of =comer=.

=159= 28 =porque es mosquito=: 'simply because it's a gnat' (not a man).

=159= 32 =mete y saca de palabrejas=: 'prodding [lit. 'sticking in and
pulling out'] with lingo.' =Mete= and =saca= are imperatives, but used
here nominally. =De= is instrumental, as often after =dar=; cf. n. on p.
50, l. 18.

=159= 33 =sermoncillos al revés=: i.e. phrases meaning the opposite of
what they say.

=160= 13 =gaznate=: inaccurately used, it would seem.

=161= 6 =Es tiempo ya de trasquilar=: 'it's already [sheep-]shearing
time.'

=161= 12 =tan buen pan=, etc.: i.e. Orbajosa can furnish her sons with
as good an insurrection as they could get by going outside.

=161= 15 =tanto así=: with snap of the finger, or the like.

=161= 23 =guarda de montes=: 'ranger.'

=162= 1 =echarte a la calle=: 'take to the street' (as a rioter or
insurrectionist). Cf. =se eche al campo=, 'take the field' (military),
in l. 9, below.

=163= 18 =cuantos vestimos=: 'we [lit. 'as many as there are of us'] who
wear.'

=163= 23 =toquen a degollar=: 'give the signal for cutting throats.'

=163= 33 =adelantan más edificando=: 'make more progress as they build'
(than the destroyers as they tear down).

=164= 3 =Dejarles=: for use of infinitive for imperative see R. 1225; K.
731; C. 277, 5.

=164= 13 =No les arriendo la ganancia=: colloquial; lit. 'I don't
bargain to take the profit off their hands.' See vocabulary.

=165= 3 =que pudierais=: the antecedent of =que= is =mancha=. Earlier
Madrid editions have =que= not here but before =por causa=; later
editions, as in our text.

=165= 8 =lo, lo=: omit in translation, and express the verbs merely by
'it did,' 'will it'; or else translate the first =lo= by 'so.'

=165= 11 =en buen hora=: cf. n. on p. 35, l. 26.

=166= 1 =más mundo=: 'more people.' Cf. the phrase =todo el mundo=,
'everybody' (Fr. _tout le monde_).

=166= 32 =qué se han de=: 'what ground have they to,' 'how should
they.'--=atrever=: may well be omitted in translation.

=167= 1 =aquel romance=, etc.: the extracts that follow are from one of
the finest of the Spanish ballads (=romances=) that deal, not with the
traditional heroes of Spain, but with personages whose epic history had
first been developed in mediaeval France, and thence diffused through
the other countries of Europe. Roldán is the French Roland (called in
the Italian forms of his story Orlando), and Renialdos is the hero
called in the French _chansons de geste_ Renaut de Montauban (in
Italian, Rinaldo da Montalbano). The present ballad appears in both the
oldest existing collections of Spanish ballads, printed the one in 1550
and the other slightly earlier (it bears no date). The poem relates how
Renialdos (or Reinaldos), having fallen into the hands of his feudal
lord and unforgiving enemy, the Emperor Charlemagne, is about to be put
to death, when Charlemagne's nephew Roldán (Roland) rides up and
violently interposes in the prisoner's behalf. The Emperor yields on
condition that Renialdos shall leave France forever. This the hero
promises to do, and makes his way to the land of the Great Khan, who
receives him warmly and offers to aid him against Charlemagne. Renialdos
refuses, however, to make war upon his liege lord, even though wronged
by him. Then the Khan furnishes him with men to conquer the Emperor of
Trebizond and to establish himself in his place. The story of the
banishment of Renialdos is not told in this form in the splendid old
French poem (_chanson de geste_) entitled _Renaut de Montauban_, but is
an Italianized version containing elements not truly popular and
traditional. The Spanish ballad, too, is in some other respects not
thoroughly popular in its character. Nevertheless, it is written in the
traditional ballad style, and is very fine and spirited. It is printed
in full in Durán, _Romancero General_, Vol. I, p. 240; and in Wolf y
Hofmann, _Primavera y Flor de Romances_, Vol. II, p. 346.

=167= 5 =Briador=: in the old French poems (_Chanson de Roland_, etc.)
Roland's horse is called Veillantif; but the Italian poets Boiardo (in
the _Orlando Innamorato_) and Ariosto (in the _Orlando Furioso_) call
him Brigliadoro (= _briglia d'oro_, 'bridle of gold'). Pulci, however,
in the _Mergante Maggiore_, but slightly modifies the French name,
making it Vegliantin. The Spanish =Briador= is a corruption of
Brigliadoro.

=167= 7 =Durlindana=: the name of Roland's sword. In the French poems
the word is Durendal. We have here again the Italianized form.

=167= 9 =entena=: the yard of a lateen sail, much longer and
consequently also stouter than the yard (=verga=) of a square-rigged
ship.

=167= 18 =como D. Renialdos=: in the ballad it is Roldán, not Renialdos,
that pronounces the following lines. None the less, the readiness of the
peasant to go on with the quotation is very true to life. The average
Spaniard of the lower classes is perfectly familiar with large numbers
of these old popular poems.

=167= 20 =ser bien librado=: in the sense of the intransitive =librar=.

=168= 4 =Vaya=: R. 1429; K. 659,_a_; C. 237, 6.--=unos=: cf. n. on p.
46, l. 3.

=169= 1 =Válgame=, etc.: cf. R. 1427; K. 658,_d_; C. 237, 1; and p. 62,
l. 27.

=169= 12 =que decía=: 'saying'; lit. probably 'who' rather than 'which.'

=169= 13 =Ya pareció=: after =ya= the past absolute is commonly used
where ordinary tense usage would require the perfect. The suddenness or
completeness of a past action is thus emphasized. Cf. n. on p. 40, l. 1.

=169= 23 =esa=: R. 442; K. 265; C. 162, 2.

=170= 9 =dice=: the tense of this, as of several other verbs in the
paragraph, is present, after the manner of legal depositions.

=170= 17 =entregara=: for tense cf. n. on p. 110, l. 22.

=170= 10 saldría=: for tense cf. n. on p. 3, l. 17.

=170= 20 =sin tapujos=: 'unmuffled.' The Spanish =capa=, thrown round
the neck and face as well as the body, is an unrivaled means of
disguise. It is a point of Spanish courtesy, when wearing the =capa=, to
unmuffle (=desembozarse=) before addressing any one.

=171= 13 =se hizo sangre=: 'drew blood' (se = on herself).

=171= 17 =patético: not 'pathetic.'

=171= 20 =inmenso=: cf. the Academy's definition "=no caber el corazón
en el pecho=, be so wrought up by some occasion of grief or anger that
it cannot get relief or quiet," and, since Arabic has affected Spanish
so much, the Arabic phrase "his breast is narrow" to express the same
idea.

=171= 24 =Entre tanto=: this ought to mean while the conversations of
pp. 170-171 were going on; and this is doubtless the meaning, however
difficult it may be to reconcile this with =dormía o aparentaba dormir=
on the next page.

=172= 15 =rezar=: properly this means reciting the prescribed prayers of
the Church (so that Protestants prefer to say =orar=); otherwise here.

=173= 1 =tan sólo=: 'merely,' 'and nothing more.'

=173= 6 =dicha=: noun.--=conciliarlo todo=: cf. n. on p. 32, l. 17.

=173= 19 =que no movía=: elliptical for =de manera que=, etc., or the
like, equivalent to an English participle construction, 'not moving a
foot,' etc.

=173= 27 =expectativa=: Madrid edition =espectativa=, cf. n. on p. 102,
l. 27.

=173= 32 =extraño=: the dream, which thus far had been fairly faithful
memory, begins from this point onward to mix dream-fancies with facts.

=173= 34 =recortada=: this word is applied to the "cut" or lobed leaves
of plants and trees; also to silhouettes cut out of paper.

=175= 12 =_Agnus Dei_=: a common object of household adoration in
Catholic countries, consisting of a flat piece of wax on which is
stamped the figure of a lamb supporting the cross, or of some saint.
These tokens are blessed by the Pope in large numbers, generally every
seventh year, and distributed among Catholics. The possession of one is
supposed to be a protection against misfortune.

=175= 13 =rizada=: Palm Sunday in Spain has two kinds of palms, both
alike blessed: the simple natural bits of palm-leaf, and those which are
=rizadas=, i.e. frilled and crimped into all sorts of ornamental shapes
with a view to using them as decorations.

=175= 14 =flores de trapo=: 'artificial flowers' (lit. 'of cloth').

=175= 18 =narigudo=: such was the meaning of Ovid's surname, Naso. There
is perhaps also a reminiscence of the secondary meaning of Lat.
_nasutus_, 'witty,' 'clever.'

=175= 19 =conceptista=: the =conceptista= style in Spanish literature is
that style of which Quevedo was the most eminent master. See cyclopedias
under "Quevedo" and under "Spanish Literature."

=175= 24 =dando vueltas=, etc.: Aulus Gellius (_Noct. Att._ III, 3, 14)
says that Varro and other older authorities related how Flautus, after
making some money by the stage, lost it all in trade, and was obliged to
hire himself to a baker in Rome, being put to turn a hand-mill (_mola
trusatilis_). Of the plays mentioned by Aulus Gellius as written by
Plautus under these circumstances, however, none is preserved.

=175= 26 =pícaro=: several unsavory tales about Sallust were current in
antiquity, and his political conduct was far from being above suspicion.

=175= 30 =Rutilio=: the anti-Christian poet Rutilius Claudius
Namatianus, who has left us a poem entitled _De reditu sito_, describing
a journey made by him in 416 A. D. from Rome to his home in Gaul.

=176= 6 =las cabras=, etc.: in most Spanish towns the milkman (or more
often milkwoman) drives a flock of she-goats through the streets,
milking at the door of each customer the amount required.

=176= 18 =las=: the =misas=.

=176= 29 =conforme=: 'just as.'

=177= 11 =Nada, nada=: 'well, well.' Cf. n. on p. 31, l. 23.

=177= 30 =justiciada=: not given in the dictionaries; a noun in
participial form from =justicia=, like =cuchillada= from =cuchillo,
lanzada= from =lanza, calaverada= from =calavera=. K. 765, rem. 2; C.
132, 4, _b_.

=177= 32 =llamarles y decirles=: for imper. use of infin. cf. R. 1225;
K. 731; C. 277, 5.

=178= 16 =amigotes=: the coloring given by Spanish augmentatives and
diminutives is well brought out by the contrast between this word and
=amiguito= in line 1 above.

=178= 22 =sentar=: the infinitive has something of imperative coloring
(cf. p. 177, l. 32, and n.), but inclines decidedly to the usage known
as the historical, or continuative, infinitive.

=179= 17 =quien=: 'anybody who' (woman).--=no siendo sacerdote=: 'unless
he is a priest.'

=179= 23 =de mí=: R. 1440, _q_; C. 128, 3, _a_; 237, 8.

=180= 1 =Vuelta a=: this idiom expresses impatience at repetition.

=180= 6 =dos dedos de frente=: 'any sense' (lit.' two inches of
forehead').

=180= 14 =porque=: 'in order that.'

=180= 18 =Será=: R. 1195; K. 703, _c_; C. 266. The form =hará= below is
more difficult; the force of the future there is presumably either 'why
is it that God apparently makes me' or 'what do you suppose God makes me
so silly for,' 'what can God be after in making me,' etc.

=182= 28 =Falta=: verb, lit. 'is lacking'; i.e., 'you do not say that
they....' 'I guess they did not....'

=182= 31 =ademanes encomiados=: 'an air of approbation.'

=183= 5 =refiriendo=: 'while relating.'

=183= 23 =unos humos=: 'such airs!' For use of =unos= cf. n. on p. 46,
l. 3.

=185= 6 =acabó de encender=: 'finished kindling.'

=185= 24 =Valido=: in the same sense as =valiéndose=, line 15. Note both
the absence of any past sense and the fact that the past participle
drops the reflexive pronoun. Cf. C. 276, 4.

=185= 32 =recibiera=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.

=186= 25 =por cuya razón=: cf. n. on p. 24, l. 7.

=186= 27 =sin perjuicio de=: 'without prejudice in regard to' (legal
phrase, indicating that a given action is not to annul or diminish the
right of one party to demand a further accounting from the other).

=187= 2 =las=: cf. n. on p. 7, l. 16.

=187= 6 =pues=: 'since.'

=187= 9 =Sacramento=: the capital S suggests that we take this word in
its special sense defined by the Academy as "Christ sacramented in the
Host," so that our phrase would mean 'by having the power to work the
miracle of transubstantiation'; if the word here means his ordination as
priest, which is one of the seven sacraments of the Church, the capital
S is probably a misprint.

=187= 19 =por lo muy santo y noble=: cf. R. 1358; K. 671; C. 125,_a_;
here =que es= is lacking, as is often the case after =por=.

=188= 20 =consejero áulico=: the Aulic Council, 1500-1806 A.D., was the
Emperor's supreme personal council, whose members all held office till
his death.

=188= 31 =el más allá=: 'the beyond.'

=189= 9 =cinco días=: the chronology is not clear. Comparison of p. 183,
ll. 12-14, and p. 186, ll. 20-24, with p. 208, ll. 18-20, shows that the
letter dated April 14 (p. 207) cannot have been written till at least
the day after Caballuco's coming to the priest's house (p. 184); indeed,
by p. 208, ll. 20-21, it would seem that the letter was a day or two
later. The progress of the story will show that the letter dated April
20 (p. 209) cannot have been written later than the evening at which we
have now arrived.

=190= 14 =cuanto en lo humano cabía=: 'that lay in human power.' Cf. R.
1155; K. 529,_b_; C. 284.

=190= 28 =con lo que sale usted=: lit. 'what you are coming out with.'

=190= 29 =se están luciendo=: 'are showing themselves off' (cf. =lucir
un nuevo paraguas= = 'to sport a new umbrella').

=191= 4 =No asustarse=: imperative use of infinitive. R. 1225; K. 731;
C.277, 5.

=191= 7 =como el rascar=: i.e., to do a little of it makes you want to
do more.

=191= 27 =refregones en los morros=: in Spain, 'rubs across the lips'
(as if cleansing them) are, like spanking (=azotes=), a standard
punishment for naughty words from a little child.

=192= 2 =soberbia=: adjective.

=192= 12 =la Encomienda=: this word means generally a piece of property
bestowed upon a knight of one of the military orders; here, a particular
estate of this kind that had sometime come into the possession of the
Polentinos family.

=193= 15 =Juan Lanas=: traditional name for a simpleton.

=193= 26 =allá se le va=: 'are about the same as she,' 'are taking the
same line.'

=193= 33 =esto se lo lleva la trampa=: grammatically, =la trampa= is the
subject of the clause; =lo=, which repeats =esto=, is the object; =se=
is the reflexive of interest, often used with =llevar=.

=194= 22 =en buen hora=: cf. n. on p. 35, l. 26.

=195= 5 =le dan=: cf. n. on p. 38, l. 6.

=195= 11 =sonsonete llorón=: 'sarcastic whine.'

=195= 25 =si=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.

=196= 8 =tenebrario=: properly a candlestick which is used during matins
of the last three days of Holy Week. These matins are called in Spanish
=tinieblas=. The light of the =tenebrario= is dimmed by placing it
within a kind of shrine. The idea here, of course, is that obscurity is
part of the family inheritance.

=197= 18 =acabó de estrujarle=: 'gave him the last squeeze.'

=198= 3 =suspirando a moco y baba=: 'sighing and snuffling.'

=198= 15 =en un quítame allá esas pajas=: 'in a wink of your eye'
(colloq.). The phrase means literally 'get those straws [trifles] out of
my way,' and implies the feeling that a thing can be done quickly and
easily.

=198= 27 =los juegos de manos son juegos de villanos=: the Spanish
Academy defines this proverb in about the sense given to it by Gase's
French-English Dictionary, "playing with the hands is bad manners, rough
play is low"; but the priest here, quite legitimately, makes it mean
"physical force is a blackguard's way."

=200= 12 =qui tenga visos=: 'that has the look.'

=200= 27 =Como lo huelan los de tropa=: 'supposing the military get a
smell of it.' For conjugation of =oler= see grammars.

=201= 4 =Guarde usted=: 'look out for.'

=201= 16 =el salitre=, etc.: i.e. powder.

=202= 6 =Si=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.

=202= 17 =ha perdido la chaveta=: 'have lost your wits.' =Chaveta=, or
more commonly =chabeta=, is properly a wedge or key used by blacksmiths
or carpenters to unite and tie several pieces of metal or wood.

=202= 31 =medio=: adverbial, i.e. to be followed by a hyphen in
English. Contrast =media=, adjectival, in the line above.

=203= 2 =Para solfas=, etc.: 'drubbings by treachery are not what
Cristóbal Ramos is good for.'

=203= 31 =si es empeño de usted=: 'if it is your particular wish.'

=204= 4 =jofaina=: 'finger-bowl' here.

=205= 6 =no tienen espera=: 'endure no stay.'

=205= 21 =me tiene=: 'she has for me.'

=208= 13 =quijotadas=: 'extravagances,' 'quixotic undertakings.' The
word is formed from the name of Cervantes' hero.

=209= 13 =Mi coalición=, etc.: 'my half-serious, half-jocular
coalition.'

=210= 3 =Sentiré mucho que=: 'I shall be very sorry in case.'

=210= 11 =y concluirá=: 'and end it shall,' or simply 'and it shall.'

=211= 28 =Irá=: 'he must be going.'

=212= 4 =el pueblo se acaba=: 'the town ends,' i.e. we are coming to the
last houses.

=212= 21 =bruto=: 'an idiot.'

=213= 11 =quinqué=: from the French manufacturer Quinquet, who first
made such lamps on a considerable scale. The inventor was a Swiss
chemist and physicist named Argant or Argand (1755-1803); hence these
lamps are generally known in English as Argand lamps.

=213= 19 =acicalarse=: 'prinking.'

=213= 25 =despejada=: 'open.'

=214= 3 =allegados=: the Academy defines this word by =pariente=
('relative,' the same word by which it defines =deudo=) and =parcial=;
and it defines a colloquial figurative sense of =pariente= by "allegado,
semejante o parecido."

=215= 8 =un Limbo prematuro=: 'a Limbo before the time.' Cf. n. on p.
118, l. 17.

=215= 9 =cuidan bien=: this is normal Spanish for 'take good care,'
declaratively. May it be a misprint of the Madrid edition for =cuiden
bien=, to be interpreted 'let them take good care'? In that case the
order of words would be hardly the most usual; but it is not easy
otherwise to reconcile the sentence with the general course of the
thought in this passage.

=218= 15 =veros=: 'to see each other.'

=220= =un su amigo=: 'a friend of his.'

=220= 5 =virtuosísimo=: this word is used in the sense of the Italian
_virtuoso_, a connoisseur, an appreciative and successful collector. The
ending =-ísimo= is here not merely intensive but very nearly true
superlative; not 'extremely' but 'supremely.'

=220= 6 =emblema=: 'crest'; the word =crestón= appears to mean not the
heraldic device but the part of the helmet over which the device rises.
=Emblema= is defined as meaning a symbol accompanied by a motto.

=220= 7 =rabillo=: this word must here mean a serif, but is probably not
a technical term.

=222= 20 =le impondrá a usted=: 'will advise you.'

=224= 23 =nos=: ethical dative. R. 323; K. 231; C. 204.

=224= 26 =dude=: sc. =usted=, unless it is a misprint for =dudo=.

=224= 31 =San Baudilio de Llobregat=: a small town, commonly called San
Boy, on the river Llobregat. It is six miles west of Barcelona. A large
and well-administered private insane asylum is situated there.

=225= 5 =pliegos=: 'sheets' (sixteen pages each if the book is octavo).

=225= 25 =Albricias, albricias=: 'joy, joy!' (lit. a reward paid to the
bringer of good tidings).

=226= 22 =acaparada=: 'monopolized,' 'beguiled.' This verb (from Fr.
_accaparer_, to 'corner' a commodity in the market, to 'seize upon' a
thing, to 'sway' voters by demagogic methods) was condemned as a
Gallicism in the middle of the nineteenth century, but is now fully
accepted in Spanish. It must not be confounded with the older but
probably now less common verb =acaparrar=, whose meaning is entirely
different.

=227= 9 =novenas=: periods of nine days given to devotion and prayer. In
English the word is pronounced with the English sounds of _e_ and
_a_.--=manifiestos=: exposures of the Sacrament for the adoration of
believers.

=227= 15 =el duque de Osuna=: a nobleman of very illustrious family,
Spanish viceroy of Naples in the reign of Philip III. The plot mentioned
below was, according to the Venetians, a diabolical scheme entered into
by the Duke of Osuna, the Marquis of Villafranca, and the Marquis of
Bedmar, all Spaniards of high rank engaged in the war of the Spanish
kingdom in Italy against Duke Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, who was aided
by the Venetians. The plan was said to have involved the surprise of
Venice, the slaughter of its senate and nobles, and its reduction to a
mere dependency of Spain. Spanish historians have denied the existence
of any such plot; for all that, it has remained the most memorable thing
connected with the viceroyalty of the Duke of Osuna. Hence the irony of
the present reference to it.

=227= 19 =Esto se acabó=: 'this story is finished.' Cf. n. on p. 40, l.
1.





=VOCABULARY=

This vocabulary aims to be complete, except for such proper names as do
not appear to involve a play on words or a change of form in translation
into English. Superlatives in =-ísimo= are not given unless irregular,
but diminutives and augmentatives are given. Adverbs in =-mente= are
given under their adjectives, and are not separately defined if the
definition of the adjective sufficiently indicates their rendering.
Adjectives and personal substantives which form regular feminines are
given in the masculine form, with the masculine definitions only, so far
as the feminine definitions can be inferred from these; thus, for =tía=
look under =tío=, and, finding the definition 'uncle,' render the
feminine by 'aunt.' This rule has been followed even where, as with
=descalzo, matón=, the feminine is the only form found in our text.
Infinitives used substantively, translatable by the English form in
_-ing_, are not separately given. The participial form in =-nte= is
given separately, but that in =-ndo= and the past participle are not
given apart from their verbs if the verbs occur. Neither is the
substantivized past participle, even such as =pecado=; but not so words
which merely coincide with the participle in form, as =estado=. Words
which take the accent mark merely to indicate interrogative or
exclamatory use are given under the unaccented form, and the existence
of an accented form is not mentioned if the English equivalent remains
the same. Irregular forms of verbs in Chapters I-III are separately
given so far as they affect the finding of the word; usually a group of
forms that begin alike is represented by one of its simplest
members--thus, in looking for =puso= or =pusiese= take '=puse= _see_
=poner=' as guide. A statement of reflexive use is given under =se=, and
a verb is not separately defined as reflexive if its reflexive meaning
is derivable from the non-reflexive by applying what is found under
=se=. A participle which has reflexive force without the reflexive
pronoun is in general especially defined, but the student will do well
to keep in mind the principle that any past participle may be a
reflexive without the pronoun.

The effort has been made to list each defined phrase under the word that
the student was surest to look up, either the most unfamiliar word or
the one which he would identify as not having here its familiar sense.
When the word which has here an unusual sense (or whose regular English
equivalent is not used in translating this phrase) is one which will not
be looked up, such as a familiar preposition, its special definition for
this occasion is appended in parentheses to the appropriate definition
of the other word, which definition it precedes or follows according to
the order of the Spanish phrase: thus, under =acabar=, 'end (=por=
with)' means '=acabar= end; =acabar por= end with'; under =adelante=,
'(=más= further) on' means '=adelante= on; =más adelante= further on.'
Parentheses in a Spanish phrase inclose words which can be added without
affecting the translation except as indicated by parenthesized English
words. Other parenthesized words are generally meant as mere
explanations, but can sometimes be advantageously taken as supplements
to be optionally added to the definition.

The special definition of a phrase does not mean that the words which
make up that phrase may not be found together also with their ordinary
meanings. Thus, '=tener por= regard as' does not mean that =tener=
'have' or 'hold' may not also be followed by =por= 'for' or 'by' in
various senses; and the giving of a special definition for the reflexive
use of a verb does not mean that its reflexive use may not have also the
senses of its active use with the reflexive modifications described
under =se=. Nor does a special definition for a participle mean that the
participle is not used also in the general sense of the verb.

A rendering found in the vocabulary should not be distrusted because
when put into the sentence it results in a bold use of words. Such uses
are more or less characteristic of Galdós; and if the translator
undertakes to reproduce Galdós' style in English, which is doubtless the
highest ideal of translation, he must not be too timid in his use of
English words. And the student should notice that the quality of the
Spanish varies according to the person who speaks. Not every character
in the book can be taken as a model of good conversational style,
cultured or uncultured. Translate accordingly.

The citations from the Academy can usually be verified in other
unabridged Spanish dictionaries; for these habitually copy the Academy
verbatim. The student must not expect that the Academy shall be always
right or always wrong.


ABBREVIATIONS

Periods after abbreviations have been omitted where the abbreviation
stands in especially close connection with the Spanish word.

_A._ = the Academy's dictionary, or rarely its grammar.
_acc._ = accusative.
_adj._ = adjective.
_adv._ = adverb.
_augm._ = augmentative.
_c._ = colloquial.
_conj._ = conjunction.
_d._ = diminutive.
_dat._ = dative.
_depr._ = depreciative.
_Eng._ = English.
_esp._ = especially.
_f._ = feminine.
_fig._ = figuratively.
_G._ = Galdós.
_Gall._ = Gallicism, Gallicistically.
_i._ = intransitive.
_im._ = impersonally.
_ind._ = indicative.
_inf._ = infinitive.
_intj._ = interjection.
_L._ = Latin.
_lit._ = literally.
_m._ = masculine.
_N._ = note to.
_neg._ = negative.
_obs._ = obsolete.
_pl._ = plural.
_pr._ = pronoun.
_prep._ = preposition.