shortage of oil at the Middle Barrier Depot (see p. 395).
[352] Scott, "Message to the Public."

[353] A full discussion of these and other Antarctic temperatures
is to be found in the scientific reports of the British
Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, "Meteorology," vol. i. chap.
ii., by G. C. Simpson.

[354] Modern research suggests that the presence or absence of
certain vitamines makes a difference, and it may be a very
great difference, in the ability of any individual to profit
by the food supplied to him. If this be so this factor must
have had great influence upon the fate of the Polar Party,
whose diet was seriously deficient in, if not absolutely
free from, vitamines. The importance of this deficiency to
the future explorer can hardly be exaggerated, and I suggest
that no future Antarctic sledge party can ever set out to
travel inland again without food which contains these
vitamines. It is to be noticed that, although the Medical
Research Council's authoritative publication on the true
value of these accessory substances was not available when
we went South in 1910, yet Atkinson insisted that fresh
onions, which had been brought down by the ship, be added to
our ration for the Search Journey. Compare recent work of
Professor Leonard Hill on the value of ultra-violet rays in
compensating for lack of vitamines.--A. C.-G.

[355] _Scott's Last Expedition_, vol. ii. p. 356.

[356] My own diary.

[357] See p. 234.

[358] Wilson, _Nat. Ant. Exp., 1901-1904_, "Zoology," Part ii. pp.
44-45.

[359] My own diary.

[360] Ibid.

[361] My own diary.

[362] My own diary.

[363] My own diary.

[364] Ibid.




GLOSSARY


BLIZZARD. An Antarctic blizzard is a high southerly wind generally
accompanied by clouds of drifting snow, partly falling from above, partly
picked up from the surface. In the daylight of summer a tent cannot be
seen a few yards off: in the darkness of winter it is easy to be lost
within a few feet of a hut. There is no doubt that a blizzard has a
bewildering and numbing effect upon the brain of any one exposed to it.

BRASH. Small ice fragments from a floe which is breaking up.

CLOUD. The commonest form of cloud, and also that typical of blizzard
conditions, was a uniform pall stretching all over the sky without
distinction. This was logged by us as _stratus_. _Cumulus_ clouds are the
woolly billows, flat below and rounded on top, which are formed by local
ascending currents of air. They were rare in the south and only formed
over open water or mountains. _Cirrus_ are the "mare's tails" and similar
wispy clouds which float high in the atmosphere. These and their allied
forms were common. Generally speaking, the clouds were due to
stratification of the air into layers rather than to ascending currents.

CRUSTS. Layers of snow in a snow-field with air space between them.

FINNESKO. Boots made entirely of fur, soles and all.

FROST SMOKE. Condensed water vapour which forms a mist over open sea in
cold weather.

ICE-FOOT. Fringes of ice which skirt many parts of the Antarctic shores:
many of them have been formed by sea-spray.

NUNATAK. An island of land in a snow-field. Buckley Island is the top of
a mountain sticking out of the top of the Beardmore Glacier.

PIEDMONT. Stretches of ancient ice which remain along the Antarctic
coasts.

PRAM. A Norwegian skiff, with a spoon bow.

SAENNEGRASS. A kind of Norwegian hay used as packing in finnesko.

SASTRUGI are the furrows or irregularities formed on a snow plain by the
wind. They may be a foot or more deep and as hard and as slippery as
ice: they may be quite soft: they may appear as great inverted pudding
bowls: they may be hard knots covered with soft powdery snow.

SLEDGING DISTANCES. All miles are geographical miles unless otherwise
stated, 1 statute or English mile = 0.87 geographical mile: 1
geographical mile = 1.15 statute miles.

TANK. A canvas "hold-all" strapped to the sledge to contain food bags.

TIDE CRACK. A working crack between the land ice and the sea ice which
rises and falls with the tide.

WIND. Wind forces are logged according to the Beaufort scale, which is as
follows:

Mean velocity
No.     Description.        in miles per hour.
0.     Calm                        0
1.     Light air                   1
2.     Light breeze                4
3.     Gentle breeze               9
4.     Moderate breeze            14
5.     Fresh breeze               20
6.     Strong breeze              26
7.     Moderate gale              33
8.     Fresh gale                 42
9.     Strong gale                51
10.     Whole gale                 62
11.     Storm                      75
12.     Hurricane                  92




INDEX

Abbott, George P., lv, lvii, 558
Adam Mountains, 361
Adare, Cape, xxiii, xxix, xxxiv, 409, 570
Adelie Land, xxii
Adelie penguins. _See_ Penguins, Adelie
Adventure, the, xviii
Albatross, capture of, 39
Alexander Land, xxi
Alexandra, Queen, 507
Amundsen, Roald,
telegram to Scott, 41
arrives in Bay of Whales, 128
character, 134
letter to King of Norway, 482
forestalls Scott at Pole, 506
reason of success, 544
'Antarctic Adventures' (Priestley), lxi
Antarctic Continent, theories of, xxi
'Antarctic Penguins' (Levick), lxi
Antarctic regions,
early explorations, xviii
Ross's expedition, xxv
importance of Scott's work, lxii
marine life, 568
Anton (pony boy), 224, 429
Aptenodytes forsteri. _See_ Penguin, Emperor
Archer, W. W., 429, 438, 472
Arctic regions, exploration in, xxix-xxxiii
Arethusa. _See_ Portuguese man-of-war
Armitage, Cape, 108, 566
Arrival Bay, xlvi
Arrival Heights, 98, 185
Atkinson, Edward L.,
his responsibilities, 1
on the Terra Nova, 3
character, 4
on South Trinidad, 19
accident to foot, 111
lecture on scurvy, 215
lost in blizzard, 303
Barrier Journey, 324
in command of First Return Party, 381
meets Lashly and Evans, 404
difficulties during Scott's absence, 411
attempts to find Scott, 426
in command of Main Party, 427
journey to Hutton Cliffs, 428
sledge journey, 429
fish-trap, 444
spring journey, 467
reads Burial Service over Scott, 481
lands in New Zealand, 572
Atmosphere, observations on, 35
Aurora borealis, 244

Balloon Bight, xxxiv, 130
Barne Glacier, 184, 307, 459
Barrie, Sir J. M., Scott's letter to, 540
Barrier, the,
Ross's journey, xxiii
Scott's survey, 1902, xxxiv
first arrival at, 81
Scott's paper on, 214
snow surface, 239
Wright's lecture, 455
movement, 468
Beardmore Glacier, journey across, 350-367
Beaufort Island, 557
Bellingshausen, xxi
Bernacchi, Cape, 425
Biology, marine,
importance of Ross's expedition, xxvii
Terra Nova observations, 7, 567
Bird, Cape, xxiv
Bird, Mt., 558
Bird Peninsula, 409
Biscuit Depot, 473
Black Island, xxv
Blacksand Beach, 100
Blizzards, 112, 447
Blubber, uses of, lvi
Bluff Depot, 114, 119, 418
Borchgrevink, xxviii
Bowers, Lieut. H. R.,
on Terra Nova, 3
character and personality, 4, 208
at South Trinidad, 16
on Depot Journey, 105
on Winter Journey, 234
trip to Western Mountains, 306
commencement of Polar Journey, 325
passage of the Beardmore Glacier, 351
_seq._ Plateau Journey, 368 _seq._
body discovered, 480
journey to Pole, 496
_seq._ return from Pole, 511 _seq._
Bowers, Mrs., Scott's letter to, 539
Browning, Frank V., lv, lvi, lvii, lviii
Brown Island, xxv
Bruce, Wilfred M., 565
Buckley Island, 362
Butter Point, 425

Campbell, Victor,
at Inexpressible Island, lii _seq._
on Terra Nova, 2
character, 4
Terra Nova attempts to relieve, 409
possibility of rescuing, 441
rescued, 493
Cardiff, Wales, 1
Castle Rock, xxxv, 152, 185, 434
Cephalodiscus rarus, 569
Challenger Expedition, xxviii, 568
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley,
functions, 2
on Winter Journey, 233 _seq._
Beardmore Glacier Journey, 351 _seq._
journey with dogs, 416 _seq._
illness, 427
work on penguins, 559
Christmas Day celebration, 1911, 373
Clissold, Thomas, 309, 383, 429
Cloudmaker, 356, 359, 382
Colbeck, Cape, 129
Cook, Captain James, Antarctic explorations, xviii, xix, xx, xxi
Corner Camp, 112, 122, 135, 166, 306, 468, 473
Crater Heights, 98, 162
Crean, Thomas,
Depot Journey, 104 _seq._
Beardmore Glacier Journey, 351 _seq._
Plateau Journey, 368 _seq._
snow-blindness, 385
journey for help, 406
duties, 438
on search journey, 472
Crozier, Capt., xxix
Crozier, Cape, discovery, xxiii, xl, 252, 558

Darwin, Mt., 366, 388
David, Professor, xlvii
Davies, Francis, 92
Day, Bernard C., 310, 383, 429
Debenham, Frank, 217, 309, 437, 438, 465, 472, 557
Dellbridge Islands, 169
De Long, G. W., xxix
Derrick Point, 98
Dickason, Harry, liv, lviii, 557
Diet,
Cook's precautions, xviii
experiments on Winter Journey, 256
importance of good cooking, 330
effects of unsuitability, 552
Dimitri (dog boy), 104, 310, 323, 404, 419, 420, 428, 467
Disaster Camp, 160
Discovery, Mt., 151, 186
Discovery Expedition, 1901-1904, xxxiii _seq._, 456
Discovery hut, 97, 185
Dogs,
on Scott's first expedition, xxxvi
on board ship, 49
effect of blizzards, 113
ponies as food for, 339
successful use, 353
rate of return, 383
new batch, 410
hospital, 437
behaviour in camp, 440
accommodation, 450
diet, 452
disease among, 453
behaviour while driving, 469
Dolphins, observations on, 37
Dominion Range, 362, 370
Drake, Frank, 3, 97, 565
Drygalski Ice Tongue, lviii
Dunedin, N.Z., 48
Dunlop Island, 307
D'Urville, Dumont, xxii

Emperor Penguin. _See_ Penguin, Emperor
Enderby, Messrs., xxi
Equator, crossing of, 10
Erebus, Mt.,
discovery, xxiii
first glimpse of, 81
activity, 184
ascent of, 557
Erebus, the, xxii, xxix
Eskers, the, 432
Evans, Lieut. Edward,
functions, 2
character, 4
on Depot Journey, 104 _seq._
lectures, 217
Beardmore Glacier Journey, 351 _seq._
Plateau Journey, 368 _seq._
snow-blindness, 391
symptoms of scurvy, 393
illness, 399
sent home, 423
returns on Terra Nova, 565
Evans, Seaman Edgar,
on Discovery Expedition, xxxix
as Neptune, 10
trip to Western Mountains, 306 _seq._
Beardmore Glacier Journey, 351 _seq._
Plateau Journey, 368 _seq._
accident to hand, 378
journey to Pole, 496 _seq._
return from Pole, 511 _seq._
death, 528
Evans, Cape, xlviii, 86, 96, 181, 317, 434, 444, 447, 493, 502
Evans Coves, l, liii, 409, 569

Fahrt, 458
Ferrar Glacier, xxxviii
Fire, outbreaks of, 462
Fodder Depot, 109
Forde, Robert, 104, 306, 429
Forster, Mr., xx
Fram, the, xxix _seq._, xlviii, 46, 133
Franklin, Sir John, xxix
Franklin Island, 557, 570
Franz Josef Land, xxxii
Funchal, Madeira, 3.

Gap, the, 98
Gateway, the, 339, 351
Geelmuyden, Professor, xxxi
Glacier Tongue, 152, 185, 430, 449
Gran, Tryggve, 4, 104 _seq._, 429, 434, 438, 447, 472, 558, 567
Granite Harbour, lviii, 409, 567
Granite Pillars, 393
Great Razorback Island, 169, 186
Greely, A. W., xxix, xxx

Haig, Sir Douglas, Scott's letter to, 410
Halley, Edmund, 11
Hare, xxxv
Hell's Gate, 570
Helminthology, 17
High Peak, 183
Hobart, Tasmania, xxii
Hooker, Sir Joseph D., xxv
Hooker, Mt., 186
Hooper, F. J., 15, 28, 310, 383, 438, 472, 477, 558
Hooper, Mt. _See_ Upper Barrier Depot
Hope, Mt., 343, 393
Hope Island, xlvii
Horses. _See_ Ponies, Manchurian
Horseshoe Bay, 98
Hut Point, lix, 97, 157, 461, 566
Hut Point Peninsula, xxiv, xxxiv, 185
Hutton Cliffs, 169, 185, 428
Hyperoodon rostrata. _See_ Whale, bottle-nosed

Ice,
Cook's observations, xx
the Fram, xxx
formation of pack, 59
movement, 440
Ice cap, Antarctic, xxxviii
Icebergs, 61, 570
"Igloo back," lvii
Inaccessible Island, 186, 434
Inexpressible Island, conditions on, liii
Island Lake, 182

Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition, xxxii, 216
Jeannette, the, xxix
Johansen, Lieut., xxx, 132
Jones, Cape, 557

Kayaks, Nansen's use of, xxxi
Keltie Glacier, 358
Keohane, Patrick, 104 _seq._, 353, 382, 426, 428, 434, 438, 473
Killer whale. _See_ Whale, killer
King Edward VII.'s Land, xxxiv, xlviii
Kinsey, Mr. J. J., 48
Knight, E. F., 12, 18
Knoll, the, xl, 252, 260
Kyffin, Mt., 352

Land crabs, at South Trinidad, 14, 18
Lashly, W.,
on Discovery Expedition, xxxviii
diary, 311 _seq._
Beardmore Glacier Journey, 351 _seq._
nurses Lieut. Evans, 393 _seq._
duties, 438
on Search Journey, 472
Levick, G. Murray, liii, 3
Lillie, Denis G., 4, 565, 569
Lister, Mt., 186
Little Razorback Island, 171, 186, 449
Lower Glacier Depot, 352
Lyttelton, N.Z., 2, 44, 573

M'Clintock, Sir F. L., xxix
McMurdo Sound, xxiv, xxxiv, 409
Magnetic Pole, South, xxii, xxv
Markham, Sir Clements, xxix
Markham, Mt., 337
Marshall Mountains, 362
Meares, Cecil H., 97, 104, 213, 310, 323, 347, 353, 382, 429
Melbourne, Mt., l, 557
Middle Barrier Depot, 338
Mill Glacier, 362
Milne, A. A., on Scott's character, lx
Minna Bluff, xxiv, 186
Mirage, 118, 386, 423
Morning, Mt., 186
Morning, the, xxxvii
Mules, use of, 410, 450, 462, 473, 475, 478, 490

Nansen, Fridtjof,
Arctic explorations, xxix _seq._
on scurvy, 216
on equipment, 456
Nansen, Mt., 570
Nares, Sir G. S., xxix
Neale, W. H., 28
Nelson, Edward W., 4, 215, 383, 438, 445, 472, 477
North Bay, 172, 438, 444, 445

Oamaru, N.Z., 572
Oates, Capt. L. E. G.,
on Terra Nova, 2, 4
Depot Journey, 104 _seq._
care of ponies, 179, 318
lecture on horses, 217
Beardmore Glacier Journey, 351
Plateau Journey, 369
suggests use of mules, 410
death, 485
commemorative inscription, 487
journey to Pole, 497
Observation Hill, 98, 565
Oestrelata arminjoniana. _See_ Petrel, black-breasted
Oestrelata trinitatis. _See_ Petrel, white-breasted
Oil, shortage of, 550
Oil fuel, its advantages, 46
One and a Half Degree Depot, 502
One Ton Depot, 116, 314, 326, 383, 398, 413, 418
Orca gladiator. _See_ Whale, killer

Pagoda Cairn, 117
Parry, Sir W. E., xxix
Peary, R. E., xlviii
Penguin, Adelie,
appearance, xxxix
Levick's book, lxi
habits, 63, 561
rookery discovered, 83
curiosity, 86
embryos obtained, 559
breeding, 562
feeding of young, 563
Penguin, Emperor,
eggs, xxii, 299
habits and breeding, xxxix _seq._, 82
embryology, 234
discovery of rookery, 252, 268
care of young, 269
eagerness to sit, 270
Pennell, Harry L. L., liii, 3, 4, 8, 565, 572
Petrel, Antarctic, 63
Petrel, black-breasted, 13
Petrel, giant, 50
Petrel, snowy, xix, 50
Petrel, white-breasted, 13
Plankton, 6, 69
Pole, South,
Scott's final arrangements, 379
altitude, 502
Amundsen's arrival, 506
Scott's arrival, 506
characteristics of area, 508
Polheim (camp), 507
Polychaete worms, 568
Ponies, Manchurian,
on board ship, 49
their uses, 88
effect of blizzards on, 113
Scott's care of, 114
behaviour on ice, 141
fodder, 179
exercising, 190
treatment and diseases, 218
Scott's decision, 327
weights lightened, 331
difficulties on march, 342
destroyed, 349
Ponting, Herbert G., 90, 173, 213, 320, 429
Portuguese man-of-war, 7
Pram, 17, 19
Pram Point, 98, 162, 466, 566
Priestley, Raymond E., liii, 130, 558
Ptomaine poisoning, lvii
Pulleyn, Lieut. George, 410

Ramp, the, 168
Rennick, H. E. de P., 3, 565
Resolution, the, xviii
Roberts, Cape, lviii, 425
Ross, Sir James C., xxii, 11, 12
Ross Island, xxiii
Ross Sea, xxiii, xxviii, xlii
Royal Society Range, 493
Royds, Cape, xlv, xlvii, 98, 183, 461, 559

Sabine, Mt., xxiii, 80
Safety Camp, 110, 122, 136, 306
St. Paul, island, 33
Scott, Capt. R. F.,
on early explorations, xx
on Ross, xxvii
first expedition, 1901-1904, xxxiii
excellence of equipment, lxii
commencement of second expedition, 1
visits South Trinidad, 1901, 12
joins Terra Nova, 31
Depot Journey, 104
character and achievements, 200, 573
paper on Barrier, 214
trip to Western Mountains, 306
Barrier stage of Polar Journey, 319 _seq._
Beardmore Glacier Journey, 350 _seq._
Plateau Journey, 368
strength of team, 377
alteration in units, 379
tries new sledge runners, 457
body discovered, 480
burial, 483
his account of journey to Pole, 496 _seq._
return from Pole, 511 _seq._
message to the public, 541
drawbacks of his plan, 545
'Scott's Last Expedition,' lix
Scurvy, lvii, 215, 393
Sea, freezing of, 448
Sea-cucumber, 568
Sea-leopard, 65, 66
Sea-urchins, 567
Seal, 66, 67, 162
Seal, crab-eating, 67, 68
Seal, Ross, 66
Seal, Weddell, 66, 67, 161, 464, 466
Shackleton, Sir Ernest, xxxvii, xlvii
Shambles Camp, 349, 502
Simon's Bay, 31
Simpson, G. C., 4, 215, 306 _seq._, 429, 502, 504
Ski, use of, 355, 458, 498
Ski Slope, 152
Skua gulls, 464, 499
Skua Lake, 95, 182
Sledge meters, 385, 417, 461
Sledge runners, Nansen on, 456, 457
Sledges,
Nansen's innovation, xxx
motor, 88, 92, 321
Smoking, limitations on, 195
Snow-blindness, 353
South Bay, 447
'South Polar Times,' 437, 445
South Trinidad,
landing, 13
bird life, 13, 14
land crabs, 14
difficulty of leaving, 15, 18
Southern Barrier Depot, 338
Sverdrup, O. N., xxx

Taylor, Griffith, lxi, 215, 307, 308, 317, 429
Temperature,
of polar plateau, 505
effect on Polar party, 553
Tent Island, 186, 439, 566
Terra Australis, belief in existence of, xviii
Terra Nova Bay, 493
Terra Nova, the,
on Scott's first expedition, xlv
commencement of voyage, 1910, 1
crew, 2
arrangement of cabins, 3
defects in pumps, 5, 28
plankton nets, 6
fire on board, 6
biological observations, 7
lack of fresh water, 8
refits at Lyttelton, 44
overloading, 50
suitability for ice work, 73
anchorage, 101
arrival with mails, 409
defects, 548
expedition finally relieved, 564
trawling, 567
Terror, Mt., xxiii, xxiv, xli, 252, 558
Terror, the, xxii, xxix
Terror Point, 253
Tersio peronii, 37
Three Degree Depot, 502
Tremasome, parasitic growth on, 444
Turk's Head, 185
Turtleback Island, 434

Upper Barrier Depot, 333
Upper Glacier Depot, 369, 502

Victoria Land, xxxiv
Vince's Cross, xxxv

Waves, height of, 58
Weddell, James, xxv
Western Mountains, 151, 306, 567
Whale, 37
Whale, blue, 70, 71
Whale, bottle-nosed, 156
Whale, killer, 69, 90, 142, 154
Whale, piked, 70
Whales, Bay of, xlviii, 128, 130
White Island, xxiv, 111, 493
Wild, Frank, xxxv
Wild Mountains, 362
Wilkes, Charles, xxii
Williamson, Thomas S., 429, 438, 472
Wilson, Dr. E. A.,
on Emperor penguins, xli
functions, 2
character and personality, 4, 203
Depot Journey, 104
Winter Journey, 233 _seq._
Beardmore Glacier Journey, 351
Plateau Journey, 368
body discovered, 480
journey to Pole, 496 _seq._
return from Pole, 512 _seq._
Wilson, Mrs., Scott's letter to, 539
Wind Vane Hill, 95, 182
Wright, Charles S., 4, 215, 319, 351, 381, 382, 429, 434, 438, 447,
455, 472, 481, 489

X Cairn, 120


THE END


_Printed in Great Britain by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh._